Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things
Citations
27 citations
Cites background from "Blockchains and Smart Contracts for..."
...Otherwise, the individual copies of the ledger will diverge and it will end up with branches, called forks, of the chain; the nodes will have a different view of the global state [24]....
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...would go with what the majority decides [24]....
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...they hashed or encrypted, are visible to all participating nodes so that they can be validated [24]....
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...algorithm which requires a majority of honest nodes: even when there is only one malicious participant, it can create multiple fake identities, get multiple votes, and thus influence the network to favour its interests, forcing the number of honest nodes to a minority [33], [24]....
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...rencies, whereas a blockchain can stand on its own just fine - no cryptocurrency needed [24]....
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27 citations
Cites background from "Blockchains and Smart Contracts for..."
...In recent years, with the emergence of blockchain, the idea of combining blockchain and IoT has gained considerable attention [9]–[12]....
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26 citations
Cites background from "Blockchains and Smart Contracts for..."
...SPV thus facilitates a great support for materializing the IoT-based BLWN system model to work efficiently [35], [36]....
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26 citations
26 citations
Cites background from "Blockchains and Smart Contracts for..."
...A blockchain can be described as a distributed data structure which assures information integrity and authenticity while providing a platform for executing self-enforced software procedures, called smart contracts [8]....
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...Initially associated with crypto-currency markets due to Bitcoin popularity [7], blockchain-based architectures have been proposed for a wide set of application areas, including sensor networks, Internet of Things, smart cities, among others [8]....
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...Conceptually, a blockchain can be regarded as a distributed append-only data structure (designated as ledger), which is replicated and shared among a set of network peers [8]....
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...This makes blockchains not only a data storage solution but also a complete distributed platform for proper and distributed automated workflow [8]....
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..., Bitcoin and Ethereum), inspiring its use in different applications and knowledge areas [7], [8]....
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References
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4,901 citations
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4,816 citations
"Blockchains and Smart Contracts for..." refers background in this paper
...Because of the Sybil attack [15], consensus in public networks is costly...
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...anyone can join though, this would be catastrophic because of the Sybil attack [15]: a single entity could join with multiple identities, get multiple votes, and thus influence the network to favor this entity’s interests....
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3,562 citations
"Blockchains and Smart Contracts for..." refers background or methods in this paper
...5If more than 3f + 1 nodes are used, then the quorum thresholds listed in [26] may lead to forks....
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...Tendermint vs PBFT—Tendermint....
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...Sieve [38], a mechanism used in the HyperLedger Fabric project, augments the PBFT algorithm [26] by adding speculative execution and verification phases, inspired by the execute-verify architecture presented in [39]....
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...Tendermint [32] provides BFT tolerance and is similar to the PBFT algorithm; however it provides a tighter guarantee with regards to the results returned to the client when more than one third of the nodes are faulty, and allows for a dynamically changing set of set of validators, and leaders that can be rotated in a round-robin manner, among other optimizations [33]....
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...PBFT works on the assumption that less than one third of the nodes are faulty (f ), which is why say that it requires at least5 3f + 1 nodes....
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1,811 citations
"Blockchains and Smart Contracts for..." refers methods in this paper
...popular Raft algorithm [30], is used as a consensus mechanism in Juno [31]....
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