BODIPY-Based Fluorescent Sensor for the Recognization of Phosgene in Solutions and in Gas Phase
TL;DR: A highly selective fluorescent sensor o-Pab for phosgene with a BODIPY unit as a fluorophore and o-phenylenediamine as a reactive site is constructed and excellent discrimination of o- Pab has been demonstrated to be due to the difference in highly reactive and bifunctional phosGene relative to its substitutes.
Abstract: As a highly toxic and widely used chemical, phosgene has become a serious threat to humankind and public security because of its potential use by terrorists and unexpected release during industrial accidents. For this reason, it is an urgent need to develop facile, fast, and selective detection methods of phosgene. In this Article, we have constructed a highly selective fluorescent sensor o-Pab for phosgene with a BODIPY unit as a fluorophore and o-phenylenediamine as a reactive site. The sensor o-Pab exhibits rapid response (∼15 s) in both colorimetric and turn-on fluorescence modes, high selectivity for phosgene over nerve agent mimics and various acyl chlorides and a low detection limit (2.7 nM) in solutions. In contrast to most undistinguishable sensors reported, o-Pab can react with phosgene but not with its substitutes, triphosgene and biphosgene. The excellent discrimination of o-Pab has been demonstrated to be due to the difference in highly reactive and bifunctional phosgene relative to its subst...
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TL;DR: This review describes in a comprehensive manner recent progress that has been made on the development of chromophore-based chemosensors for detecting nerve agents (mimic) and phosgene.
Abstract: The extreme toxicity and ready accessibility of nerve agents and phosgene has caused an increase in the demand to develop effective systems for the detection of these substances. Among the traditional platforms utilized for this purpose, chemosensors including surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, enzymes, carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and chromophore based sensors have attracted increasing attention. In this review, we describe in a comprehensive manner recent progress that has been made on the development of chromophore-based chemosensors for detecting nerve agents (mimic) and phosgene. This review comprises two sections focusing on studies of the development of chemosensors for nerve agents (mimic) and phosgene. In each of the sections, the discussion follows a format which concentrates on different reaction sites/mechanisms involved in the sensing processes. Finally, chemosensors uncovered in these efforts are compared with those based on other sensing methods and challenges facing the design of mor...
172 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the most significant developments in fluorescent probes for the detection of the carbonyl species formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and phosgene in recent years, with a special emphasis on their mechanisms and applications.
133 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the photophysical properties of a wide range of π-conjugated BODIPY-based derivatives are discussed, which are having potential applications in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), nonlinear optics (NLOs), sensing, hole-transporting materials (HTMs) and electron-transport materials (ETMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as well as materials for ultrafast charge transfer.
131 citations
TL;DR: A colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence probe 1 for phosgene has been developed based on an ESIPT process as mentioned in this paper, which can be easily observed by the naked eye.
Abstract: Phosgene is a highly toxic substance that has become a serious potential threat to public health safety. A colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence probe 1 for phosgene has been developed based on an ESIPT process. Both the visible colorimetric change from colorless to yellow and the fluorescent color change from blue to green (under 365 nm hand-held UV lamp) can be easily observed by the naked eye. Probe 1 has a high sensitivity and selectivity for phosgene in solutions and the gas phase. The mechanism for sensing by 1 was investigated by using high-resolution mass spectrometry and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopies.
92 citations
TL;DR: A fluorescent chemosensor has been developed for discriminative detection of phosgene and a nerve agent mimic diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), which was comprised of an anthracene-carboxyimide fluorophore and o-phenylenediamine reaction site.
Abstract: A fluorescent chemosensor has been developed for discriminative detection of phosgene and a nerve agent mimic diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), which was comprised of an anthracene-carboxyimide fluorophore and o-phenylenediamine (OPD) reaction site. Upon phosphorylation of OPD, the chemosensor displays an obvious fluorescence turn-on response toward DPC at 588 nm with instant response and a low detection limit (88 nM). By contrast, the chemosensor exhibits a colorimetric and fluorescence enhancement response at 500 nm toward phosgene with fast response (<2 min), high selectivity, and a low detection limit (72 nM). Furthermore, chemosensor-loaded test membrane was fabricated for real-time, portable and efficient discriminative detection of trace amounts of gaseous phosgene and DCP vapor with different optical responses.
82 citations
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TL;DR: All studies since 1940 on the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and lip are reviewed, finding local recurrences occur less frequently when SCC is treated by Mohs micrographic surgery.
Abstract: We reviewed all studies since 1940 on the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin and lip. The following variables are correlated with local recurrence and metastatic rates: (1) treatment modality, (2) prior treatment, (3) location, (4) size, (5) depth, (6) histologic differentiation, (7) histologic evidence of perineural involvement, (8) precipitating factors other than ultraviolet light, and (9) host immunosuppression. Local recurrences occur less frequently when SCC is treated by Mohs micrographic surgery. This local recurrence rate differential in favor of Mohs micrographic surgery holds true for primary SCC of the skin and lip (3.1% vs 10.9%), for ear SCC (5.3% vs 18.7%), for locally recurrent (previously treated) SCC (10% vs 23.3%), for SCC with perineural involvement (0% Ys 47%), for SCC of size greater than 2 cm (25.2% vs 41.7%), and for SCC that is poorly differentiated (32.6% vs 53.6%).
1,346 citations
TL;DR: Chenodeoxycholic acid may offer medical treatment for cholesterol cholelithiasis in man and the ratio of bile acids and lecithin to cholesterol in bile increased in all patients.
Abstract: Seven women with gallstones were given 0.75 to 4.5 g per day of chenodeoxycholic acid, a primary bile acid, to promote micellar solubilization of cholesterol in bile. In Case 1 three stones that had remained unchanged in size during six years of observations disappeared after six months of treatment. A single stone in Case 2 and multiple calculi in Cases 3 and 4 progressively grew smaller during 14 to 22 months of chenodeoxycholic acid administration. Gallstone size did not change in the other three. Chenodeoxycholic acid and total bile acid pool sizes (measured in two patients), which were reduced before therapy, were markedly expanded by chenodeoxycholic acid, and the ratio of bile acids and lecithin to cholesterol in bile increased in all patients. Liver function and morphology remained normal; moderate dose-related diarrhea occurred. Chenodeoxycholic acid may offer medical treatment for cholesterol cholelithiasis in man.
598 citations
TL;DR: The role of contingency, domination, and resistance has played in the operation of the prohibitionary norm against chemical weapons use as a symbol of uncivilized conduct in international relations as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: How is it, that among the countless technological innovations in weaponry, chemical weapons stand out as weapons that carry the stigma of moral illegitimacy. To provide an adequate account of the prohibitionary norm against chemical weapons use, one must understand the meanings that have served to constitute and delegitimize this category of weapons. Such an account is provided by genealogy, a method that examines the interpretive practices around which moral orders are constructed and behaviors are defined as normal or unacceptable. The genealogical method yields insights that illuminate neglected dimensions of the chemical weapons taboo: namely, the roles that contingency, domination, and resistance have played in the operation of this norm as a symbol of “uncivilized” conduct in international relations.
258 citations