Bonded repair of composite aircraft structures: A review of scientific challenges and opportunities
TL;DR: In this article, the area of structural bonded repair of composites is broadly reviewed, starting from damage assessment to automation, to identify current scientific challenges and future opportunities, and the authors propose a robust, reliable and repeatable structural bond repair procedures to restore damaged composite components.
About: This article is published in Progress in Aerospace Sciences.The article was published on 2013-08-01. It has received 388 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Composite repairs & Advanced composite materials.
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TL;DR: In this article, an updated review of adhesively bonded joints in composite materials, which covers articles published from 2009 to 2016, is presented. And the main parameters that affect the performance of bonded joints such as surface treatment, joint configuration, geometric and material parameters, failure mode etc.
444 citations
TL;DR: An overview of composite materials, their characterization, classification and main advantages linked to physical and mechanical properties based on the recent studies are presented in this article, where the conventional manufacturing techniques of composite and their applications are presented.
Abstract: Emerged in the middle of 20th century, composite materials are now one of the hotspot research topics in the modern technology. Their promising characteristics make them suitable for enormous applications in industrial field such as aerospace, automotive, construction, sports, bio-medical and many others. These materials reveal remarkable structural and mechanical properties such as high strength to weight ratio, resistance to chemicals, fire, corrosion and wear; being economical to manufacture. Herein, an overview of composite materials, their characterization, classification and main advantages linked to physical and mechanical properties based on the recent studies are presented. There, were presented the conventional manufacturing techniques of composite and their applications. It was highlighted the tremendous need to discovery new generation of composites that should incorporate the synthetic or natural materials by implementing new efficient manufacturing processes. In the combination of matrix and reinforcement materials, the use of natural materials as constituent are compulsory in order to obtain a complete material degradable as environmentally friendly.
349 citations
Cites background from "Bonded repair of composite aircraft..."
...[200] Katnam KB, Da Silva LFM, Young TM....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a literature survey was conducted on the machinability properties and related approaches for carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and GFRP composite materials, among other fiber reinforced materials, have been increasingly replacing conventional materials with their excellent strength and low specific weight properties, also their high fatigue, toughness and high temperature wear and oxidation resistance capabilities render these materials an excellent choice in engineering applications.
309 citations
TL;DR: Foundations and technologies required for continuous maintenance within the Industry 4.0 context are presented and the role of IoT, standards and cyber security are identified.
Abstract: High value and long life products require continuous maintenance throughout their life cycle to achieve required performance with optimum through-life cost. This paper presents foundations and technologies required to offer the maintenance service. Component and system level degradation science, assessment and modelling along with life cycle ‘big data’ analytics are the two most important knowledge and skill base required for the continuous maintenance. Advanced computing and visualisation technologies will improve efficiency of the maintenance and reduce through-life cost of the product. Future of continuous maintenance within the Industry 4.0 context also identifies the role of IoT, standards and cyber security.
222 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review on the four key parameters specifically material, geometry, event and environmental-related conditions that affect the structural behavior of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites to impact loading is discussed.
154 citations
References
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TL;DR: The climate change that takes place due to increases in carbon dioxide concentration is largely irreversible for 1,000 years after emissions stop, showing that thermal expansion of the warming ocean provides a conservative lower limit to irreversible global average sea level rise.
Abstract: The severity of damaging human-induced climate change depends not only on the magnitude of the change but also on the potential for irreversibility. This paper shows that the climate change that takes place due to increases in carbon dioxide concentration is largely irreversible for 1,000 years after emissions stop. Following cessation of emissions, removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide decreases radiative forcing, but is largely compensated by slower loss of heat to the ocean, so that atmospheric temperatures do not drop significantly for at least 1,000 years. Among illustrative irreversible impacts that should be expected if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increase from current levels near 385 parts per million by volume (ppmv) to a peak of 450–600 ppmv over the coming century are irreversible dry-season rainfall reductions in several regions comparable to those of the “dust bowl” era and inexorable sea level rise. Thermal expansion of the warming ocean provides a conservative lower limit to irreversible global average sea level rise of at least 0.4–1.0 m if 21st century CO2 concentrations exceed 600 ppmv and 0.6–1.9 m for peak CO2 concentrations exceeding ≈1,000 ppmv. Additional contributions from glaciers and ice sheet contributions to future sea level rise are uncertain but may equal or exceed several meters over the next millennium or longer.
2,604 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the physics and chemistry of the plasma jet and other atmospheric pressure sources are reviewed, including transferred arcs, plasma torches, corona discharges, and dielectric barrier discharges.
Abstract: Atmospheric-pressure plasmas are used in a variety of materials processes. Traditional sources include transferred arcs, plasma torches, corona discharges, and dielectric barrier discharges. In arcs and torches, the electron and neutral temperatures exceed 3000/spl deg/C and the densities of charge species range from 10/sup 16/-10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/. Due to the high gas temperature, these plasmas are used primarily in metallurgy. Corona and dielectric barrier discharges produce nonequilibrium plasmas with gas temperatures between 50-400/spl deg/C and densities of charged species typical of weakly ionized gases. However, since these discharges are nonuniform, their use in materials processing is limited. Recently, an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet has been developed, which exhibits many characteristics of a conventional, low-pressure glow discharge. In the jet, the gas temperature ranges from 25-200/spl deg/C, charged-particle densities are 10/sup 11/-10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/, and reactive species are present in high concentrations, i.e., 10-100 ppm. Since this source may be scaled to treat large areas, it could be used in applications which have been restricted to vacuum. In this paper, the physics and chemistry of the plasma jet and other atmospheric-pressure sources are reviewed.
1,288 citations
Book•
01 Dec 2012
TL;DR: In this article, Deryaguin et al. proposed a diffusion theory for adhesives and showed that it can be used to model interfacial diffusion and surface tension gradients, as well as the influence of surface roughness.
Abstract: 1 Introduction.- Bibliography of general background books.- 2 Interfacial contact.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Surface tension.- 2.3 Wetting equilibria.- 2.3.1 Theoretical considerations.- 2.3.2 Experimental considerations.- 2.3.3 Effect of surface roughness.- 2.4 Surface and interfacial free energies.- 2.4.1 Low-energy surfaces.- 2.4.2 High-energy surfaces.- 2.4.3 Orientation at interfaces.- 2.4.4 Applicability to adhesives technology.- 2.5 Kinetics of wetting.- 2.5.1 Surface tension gradients.- 2.5.2 Dynamic contact angles.- 2.5.3 The influence of surface roughness.- 2.5.4 Time-temperature considerations.- 2.6 The bonding operation.- 2.6.1 Air entrapment.- 2.6.2 The bonding environment.- 2.7 Concluding remarks.- References.- 3 Mechanisms of adhesion.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Mechanical interlocking.- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 Plating of plastics.- 3.2.3 Mechanically roughened substrates.- 3.2.4 Chemically roughened substrates.- 3.2.5 The role of localized energy dissipation.- 3.2.6 Summary.- 3.3 Diffusion theory.- 3.3.1 Introduction.- 3.3.2 Modelling interfacial diffusion.- 3.3.3 Direct experimental evidence.- 3.3.4 Criticisms of the diffusion theory.- 3.3.5 Welding of plastics.- 3.3.6 Polymer/metal interfaces.- 3.3.7 Summary.- 3.4 Electronic theory.- 3.4.1 Introduction.- 3.4.2 Deryaguin's studies.- 3.4.3 Weaver's studies.- 3.4.4 Criticisms of the electronic theory.- 3.4.5 Summary.- 3.5 Adsorption theory.- 3.5.1 Introduction.- 3.5.2 Secondary force interactions.- 3.5.3 Donor-1 Introduction.- Bibliography of general background books.- 2 Interfacial contact.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Surface tension.- 2.3 Wetting equilibria.- 2.3.1 Theoretical considerations.- 2.3.2 Experimental considerations.- 2.3.3 Effect of surface roughness.- 2.4 Surface and interfacial free energies.- 2.4.1 Low-energy surfaces.- 2.4.2 High-energy surfaces.- 2.4.3 Orientation at interfaces.- 2.4.4 Applicability to adhesives technology.- 2.5 Kinetics of wetting.- 2.5.1 Surface tension gradients.- 2.5.2 Dynamic contact angles.- 2.5.3 The influence of surface roughness.- 2.5.4 Time-temperature considerations.- 2.6 The bonding operation.- 2.6.1 Air entrapment.- 2.6.2 The bonding environment.- 2.7 Concluding remarks.- References.- 3 Mechanisms of adhesion.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Mechanical interlocking.- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 Plating of plastics.- 3.2.3 Mechanically roughened substrates.- 3.2.4 Chemically roughened substrates.- 3.2.5 The role of localized energy dissipation.- 3.2.6 Summary.- 3.3 Diffusion theory.- 3.3.1 Introduction.- 3.3.2 Modelling interfacial diffusion.- 3.3.3 Direct experimental evidence.- 3.3.4 Criticisms of the diffusion theory.- 3.3.5 Welding of plastics.- 3.3.6 Polymer/metal interfaces.- 3.3.7 Summary.- 3.4 Electronic theory.- 3.4.1 Introduction.- 3.4.2 Deryaguin's studies.- 3.4.3 Weaver's studies.- 3.4.4 Criticisms of the electronic theory.- 3.4.5 Summary.- 3.5 Adsorption theory.- 3.5.1 Introduction.- 3.5.2 Secondary force interactions.- 3.5.3 Donor-acceptor interactions.- 3.5.4 Primary force interactions.- 3.5.5 Molecular complexes.- 3.6 Concluding remarks.- References.- 4 Surface pretreatments.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Low-energy surfaces.- 4.2.1 Introduction.- 4.2.2 Fluorocarbon polymers.- 4.2.3 Polyolefins.- 4.2.4 Other plastic substrates.- 4.2.5 Plastic laminate materials.- 4.2.6 Rubbers.- 4.2.7 Plasma treatments.- 4.3 High-energy surfaces.- 4.3.1 Introduction.- 4.3.2 Solvent cleaning.- 4.3.3 Mechanical abrasion.- 4.3.4 Chemical treatments.- 4.3.5 Primers.- 4.3.6 Plasma treatments.- 4.4 Concluding remarks.- References.- 5 Hardening of the adhesive.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Hardening by solvent or dispersing medium removal.- 5.2.1 Introduction.- 5.2.2 Examples.- 5.3 Hardening by cooling.- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 Examples.- 5.4 Hardening by chemical reaction.- 5.4.1 Introduction.- 5.4.2 Examples.- 5.5 Non-hardening adhesives.- 5.6 Concluding remarks.- References.- 6 Mechanical behaviour of adhesive joints.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Common joint designs.- 6.3 Standard test methods.- 6.4 Stresses in adhesive joints.- 6.4.1 Introduction.- 6.4.2 Engineering properties of the adhesive.- 6.4.3 Axially loaded butt or poker-chip joints.- 6.4.4 Single lap joints.- 6.4.5 Double lap joints.- 6.4.6 Modified lap joints.- 6.4.7 Peel joints.- 6.4.8 Miscellaneous joint geometries.- 6.4.9 Internal stresses.- 6.4.10 Comparison of joint test geometries.- 6.5 Non-destructive testing.- 6.5.1 Introduction.- 6.5.2 Inspection of pretreated substrates.- 6.5.3 Inspection of adhesive joints.- 6.6 Concluding remarks.- References.- 7 Fracture mechanics of adhesive joints.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Theoretical considerations.- 7.2.1 Introduction.- 7.2.2 Energy balance approach.- 7.2.3 Stress intensity factor approach.- 7.2.4 Width effects.- 7.2.5 Relationships between G and K.- 7.3 Experimental considerations.- 7.3.1 Introduction.- 7.3.2 Flexible joints.- 7.3.3 Rigid joints.- 7.4 Typical values of Gc and Kc.- 7.5 Effect of joint geometry.- 7.5.1 Introduction.- 7.5.2 Flexible peel joints.- 7.5.3 Structural adhesives.- 7.5.4 Modes of loading.- 7.6 Effect of rate and temperature.- 7.6.1 Introduction.- 7.6.2 Rubbery adhesives.- 7.6.3 Rigid adhesives.- 7.7 Concluding remarks.- References.- 8 The service life of adhesive joints.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Fatigue.- 8.2.1 Dynamic fatigue.- 8.2.2 Static fatigue.- 8.3 Environmental attack.- 8.3.1 Introduction.- 8.3.2 General observations.- 8.3.3 Mechanisms of attack.- 8.3.4 Kinetics of attack.- 8.3.5 The role of stress.- 8.3.6 Service life predictions.- 8.4 Concluding remarks.- References.- Notations.- English alphabet.- Greek alphabet.- Abbreviations.- Author index.
1,197 citations
1,194 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of low-velocity impact responses of composite materials is presented, where major impact-induced damage modes are described from onset of damage through to final failure and the effects of composite's constituents on impact properties are discussed and post-impact performance is assessed in terms of residual strength.
Abstract: This paper is a review of low-velocity impact responses of composite materials. First the term ‘low-velocity impact’ is defined and major impact-induced damage modes are described from onset of damage through to final failure. Then, the effects of the composite's constituents on impact properties are discussed and post-impact performance is assessed in terms of residual strength.
1,058 citations