Bone response to collagenized xenografts of porcine origin (mp3®) and a bovine bone mineral grafting (4BONE™ XBM) grafts in tibia defects: experimental study in rabbits
TL;DR: Defects of a critical size in a rabbit tibia model can be sealed using a bovine porous biphasic calcium phosphate and MP3 material; this supports new bone formation, creates a bridge between borders, and facilitates bone ingrowth in both biomaterials.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES This study aimed to carry out the evaluation of bone response of new bone formation to two different xenografts (bovine and porcine) biomaterials inserted in rabbit tibiae. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study used a total of 20 male New Zealand albino rabbits. They received a total of 40 grafts in the proximal metaphyseal areas of both tibiae. Two biomaterials were evaluated: 20 porcine xenografts, as a bone granulate (OsteoBiol(®) MP3(®) ; Tecnoss srl, Giaveno, Italy), were placed in the proximal metaphyseal area of the right tibia, 20 anorganic bovine bone mineral grafting (4BONE(™) XBM, MIS Implants Inc., BARLEV, Israel) were placed in the left tibia. Following graft insertion, the animals were sacrificed in two groups of 10 animals, after 1 and 4 months, respectively. For each group, biomaterials were analyzed: newly formed bone, residual graft materials and the connective tissue. Histomorphometric, EDX analysis and element mapping were performed at 1 and 4 months after graft insertion. RESULTS At 4 months after treatment, the bone defects displayed radiological images that showed complete repair of osseous defects. Histomorphometric evaluation showed that for the porcine xenograft, the study averages for newly formed bone represented 84.23 ± 2.9%, while bovine matrix was 79.34 ± 2.1%. For residual graft material, the porcine biomaterial had 11.23 ± 1.7% and the bovine graft 31.56 ± 2.3%. Finally, the connective tissue for MP3 was 10.33 ± 1.8%, while for the 4BONE(™) XBM we obtained 14.34 ± 2.9%. Element analysis revealed higher percentages of Ca (54 ± 9%) and P (35 ± 6%) in the group B than group A and control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Defects of a critical size in a rabbit tibia model can be sealed using a bovine porous biphasic calcium phosphate and MP3 material; this supports new bone formation, creates a bridge between borders, and facilitates bone ingrowth in both biomaterials. Furthermore, this study observed partial dissolution of the mineral phase of four bone graft and complete resorption of porcine MP3 biomaterial and its incorporation into the surrounding bone. Depending on clinical needs, each biomaterial could be useful in daily clinical practice.
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Dissertation•
01 Jan 2005
27 citations
TL;DR: It appears that calcium and phosphates are still present within the collagen components even after the particle cleaning procedures that are conducted before use, and may be considered a potential material for bone regeneration due to its chemical composition and the quantity obtained.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition of crushed, extracted human teeth and the quantity of biomaterial that can be obtained from this process. A total of 100 human teeth, extracted due to trauma, decay, or periodontal disease, were analyzed. After extraction, all the teeth were classified, measured, and weighed on a microscale. The human teeth were crushed immediately using the Smart Dentin Grinder machine (KometaBio Inc., Cresskill, NJ, USA), a device specially designed for this procedure. The human tooth particles obtained were of 300⁻1200 microns, obtained by sieving through a special sorting filter, which divided the material into two compartments. The crushed teeth were weighed on a microscale, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation was performed. After processing, 0.25 gr of human teeth produced 1.0 cc of biomaterial. Significant differences in tooth weight were found between the first and second upper molars compared with the lower molars. The chemical composition of the particulate was clearly similar to natural bone. Scanning electron microscopy⁻energy dispersive X-ray (SEM⁻EDX) analysis of the tooth particles obtained mean results of Ca% 23.42 0.34 and P% 9.51 0.11. Pore size distribution curves expressed the interparticle pore range as one small peak at 0.0053 µm. This result is in accordance with helium gas pycnometer findings; the augmented porosity corresponded to interparticle spaces and only 2.533% corresponded to intraparticle porosity. Autogenous tooth particulate biomaterial made from human extracted teeth may be considered a potential material for bone regeneration due to its chemical composition and the quantity obtained. After grinding the teeth, the resulting material increases in quantity by up to three times its original volume, such that two extracted mandibular lateral incisors teeth will provide a sufficient amount of material to fill four empty mandibular alveoli. The tooth particles present intra and extra pores up to 44.48% after pycnometer evaluation in order to increase the blood supply and support slow resorption of the grafted material, which supports healing and replacement resorption to achieve lamellar bone. After SEM⁻EDX evaluation, it appears that calcium and phosphates are still present within the collagen components even after the particle cleaning procedures that are conducted before use.
20 citations
TL;DR: Histological results indicated that both biomaterials assessed in this study as 25 grafts for socket preservation technique are biocompatible and osteoconductive.
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate and compare histomorphometrically the bone response to two xenografts, 15 one bovine and the other porcine, grafted in adjacent extraction sockets in a human. Materials and methods: In this case report, two adjacent maxillary premolars were extracted, and the sockets were filled with two different xenogeneic bone substitutes (first premolar with bovine bone, and second premolar with porcine bone) to counteract post-extraction volume loss. Following 6 months bone core specimens were harvested during the placement of implants at the regenerated sites. 20 Results: Histomorphometrically, for the bovine xenograft the percentage of newly formed bone (osteoid) was 26.85%, the percentage of the residual graft material was 17.2% and the percentage of connective tissue 48.73%, while for the porcine xenograft, newly formed bone (osteoid) represented 32.19%, residual graft material was 6.57% and non-mineralized connective tissue was 52.99%. Conclusions: Histological results indicated that both biomaterials assessed in this study as 25 grafts for socket preservation technique are biocompatible and osteoconductive. Bovine bone derived demonstrated to be less resorbable than porcine bone derived. Both xenogenic biomaterials did not interfere with the normal bone reparative processes.
12 citations
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: This chapter discusses different types of alveolar bone-grafting techniques and bone-replacement materials, and highlights their clinical applications, and offers valuable information to clinicians who intend to implement these procedures in their practice, as well as to researchers in this field.
Abstract: Alveolar bone loss is attributed to a variety of factors, such as periodontitis, trauma, jaw pathologies, and dental extractions. This may lead to significant aesthetic deterioration and impairment of prosthetic rehabilitation, which may negatively influence a patient’s life and overall health. Therefore performing ridge-preservation and bone-augmentation procedures using alveolar bone-grafting techniques has become an integral part of dental and maxillofacial treatments to manage alveolar ridge deficiency. In this chapter, we discuss different types of alveolar bone-grafting techniques and bone-replacement materials, and highlight their clinical applications. This chapter offers valuable information to clinicians who intend to implement these procedures in their practice, as well as to researchers in this field.
8 citations
06 Apr 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors decidé le role du collagene dans les substituts osseux ainsi que dans la regeneration osseuse, i.e., the molecule de collagenes, sa synthese and ses fonctions.
Abstract: Les limites de la greffe osseuse autogene, que ce soit au niveau de la quantite de tissu preleve ou encore des complications liees a ce prelevement dans un second site operatoire imposent aux chercheurs de decouvrir une alternative reelle a l’autogreffe palliant ces problemes. De nouvelles techniques de laboratoire permettent de conditionner le tissu osseux preleve chez l’animal et de conserver la fraction organique, en particulier le collagene de type I, tout en eliminant le potentiel antigenique de celui-ci. Cette proteine possede des proprietes biologiques remarquables contribuant largement a l’integration du greffon. Les observations histologiques de l’os neoforme et les resultats cliniques obtenus en comparaison avec des substituts osseux sans collagene ont demontre d’excellents resultats. La premiere partie decrit la molecule de collagene, sa synthese et ses fonctions. La deuxieme partie est un rappel sur les biomateriaux de substitution osseuse ainsi que les progres realises dans leur conception. La troisieme partie decrit le role du collagene dans les substituts osseux ainsi que dans la regeneration osseuse.
4 citations
References
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TL;DR: CaP biomaterials have outstanding properties: similarity in composition to bone mineral; bioactivity; ability to form bone apatitelike material or carbonate hydroxyapatite on their surfaces; and osteoconductivity (ability to provide the appropriate scaffold or template for bone formation).
Abstract: Bone is formed by a series of complex events involving the mineralization of extracellular matrix proteins rigidly orchestrated by cells with specific functions of maintaining the integrity of the bone. Bone, similar to other calcified tissues, is an intimate composite of the organic (collagen and noncollagenous proteins) and inorganic or mineral phases. The bone mineral idealized as calcium hydroxyapatite, Ca10 (PO4)(6)(OH)2, is a carbonatehydroxyapatite, approximated by the formula: (Ca,X)(10)(PO4,HPO4,CO3)(6)(OH,Y)2, where X are cations (magnesium, sodium, strontium ions) that can substitute for the calcium ions, and Y are anions (chloride or fluoride ions) that can substitute for the hydroxyl group. The current author presents a brief review of CaP biomaterials that now are used as grafts for bone repair, augmentation, or substitution. Commercially-available CaP biomaterials differ in origin (natural or synthetic), composition (hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and biphasic CaP), or physical forms (particulates, blocks, cements, coatings on metal implants, composites with polymers), and in physicochemical properties. CaP biomaterials have outstanding properties: similarity in composition to bone mineral; bioactivity (ability to form bone apatitelike material or carbonate hydroxyapatite on their surfaces), ability to promote cellular function and expression leading to formation of a uniquely strong bone-CaP biomaterial interface; and osteoconductivity (ability to provide the appropriate scaffold or template for bone formation). In addition, CaP biomaterials with appropriate three-dimensional geometry are able to bind and concentrate endogenous bone morphogenetic proteins in circulation, and may become osteoinductive (capable of osteogenesis), and can be effective carriers of bone cell seeds. Therefore, CaP biomaterials potentially are useful in tissue engineering for regeneration of hard tissues.
1,843 citations
"Bone response to collagenized xenog..." refers background in this paper
...HA is chemically comparable to biological apatite crystals and is considered the least bioactive of the calcium phosphate ceramics (LeGeros 2002; LeGeros et al. 2003; Gauthier et al. 2004; Mat e-S anchez de Val et al. 2012)....
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...HA is chemically comparable to biological apatite crystals and is considered the least bioactive of the calcium phosphate ceramics (LeGeros 2002; LeGeros et al. 2003; Gauthier et al. 2004; Mat e-S anchez de Val et al. 2012). ß-TCP has greater bioactivity and a greater capacity for dissolution than…...
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TL;DR: The role of angiogenic and osteogenic factors in the adaptive response and interaction of osteoblasts and endothelial cells during the multi step process of bone development and repair will be highlighted in this review, with consideration of how some of these key mechanisms can be combined with new developments in tissue engineering to enable repair and growth of skeletal fractures.
Abstract: The repair of large bone defects remains a major clinical orthopaedic challenge. Bone is a highly vascularised tissue reliant on the close spatial and temporal connection between blood vessels and bone cells to maintain skeletal integrity. Angiogenesis thus plays a pivotal role in skeletal development and bone fracture repair. Current procedures to repair bone defects and to provide structural and mechanical support include the use of grafts (autologous, allogeneic) or implants (polymeric or metallic). These approaches face significant limitations due to insufficient supply, potential disease transmission, rejection, cost and the inability to integrate with the surrounding host tissue. The engineering of bone tissue offers new therapeutic strategies to aid musculoskeletal healing. Various scaffold constructs have been employed in the development of tissue-engineered bone; however, an active blood vessel network is an essential pre-requisite for these to survive and integrate with existing host tissue. Combination therapies of stem cells and polymeric growth factor release scaffolds tailored to promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis are under evaluation and development actively to stimulate bone regeneration. An understanding of the cellular and molecular interactions of blood vessels and bone cells will enhance and aid the successful development of future vascularised bone scaffold constructs, enabling survival and integration of bioengineered bone with the host tissue. The role of angiogenic and osteogenic factors in the adaptive response and interaction of osteoblasts and endothelial cells during the multi step process of bone development and repair will be highlighted in this review, with consideration of how some of these key mechanisms can be combined with new developments in tissue engineering to enable repair and growth of skeletal fractures. Elucidation of the processes of angiogenesis, osteogenesis and tissue engineering strategies offer exciting future therapeutic opportunities for skeletal repair and regeneration in orthopaedics.
913 citations
"Bone response to collagenized xenog..." refers background in this paper
...The main criteria demanded of any bone substitute are that it must act as scaffold to guide and promote bone growth in the bone defect, with a resorption rate that permits its substitution by neoformed bone with correct characteristics (Kanczler & Oreffo 2008)....
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TL;DR: The potential uses of BCP ceramic as scaffold for tissue engineering, drug delivery system and carrier of growth factors, and as an injectible biomaterial in a polymer carrier are demonstrated.
Abstract: Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramics belong to a group of bone substitute biomaterials that consist of an intimate mixture of hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2), and beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), Ca(3)(PO(4))(2), of varying HA/beta-TCP ratios. BCP is obtained when a synthetic or biologic calcium-deficient apatite is sintered at temperatures at and above 700 degrees C. Calcium deficiency depends on the method of preparation (precipitation, hydrolysis or mechanical mixture) including reaction pH and temperature. The HA/beta-TCP ratio is determined by the calcium deficiency of the unsintered apatite (the higher the deficiency, the lower the ratio) and the sintering temperature. Properties of BCP bioceramics relating to their medical applications include: macroporosity, microporosity, compressive strength, bioreactivity (associated with formation of carbonate hydroxyapatite on ceramic surfaces in vitro and in vivo), dissolution, and osteoconductivity. Due to the preferential dissolution of the beta-TCP component, the bioreactivity is inversely proportional to the HA/beta-TCP ratio. Hence, the bioreactivity of BCP bioceramics can be controlled by manipulating the composition (HA/beta-TCP ratio) and/or the crystallinity of the BCP. Currently, BCP bioceramics is recommended for use as an alternative or additive to autogeneous bone for orthopedic and dental applications. It is available in the form of particulates, blocks, customized designs for specific applications and as an injectible biomaterial in a polymer carrier. BCP ceramic can be used also as grit-blasting abrasive for grit-blasting to modify implant substrate surfaces. Exploratory studies demonstrate the potential uses of BCP ceramic as scaffold for tissue engineering, drug delivery system and carrier of growth factors.
754 citations
"Bone response to collagenized xenog..." refers background in this paper
...HA is chemically comparable to biological apatite crystals and is considered the least bioactive of the calcium phosphate ceramics (LeGeros 2002; LeGeros et al. 2003; Gauthier et al. 2004; Mat e-S anchez de Val et al. 2012)....
[...]
...HA is chemically comparable to biological apatite crystals and is considered the least bioactive of the calcium phosphate ceramics (LeGeros 2002; LeGeros et al. 2003; Gauthier et al. 2004; Mat e-S anchez de Val et al. 2012). ß-TCP has greater bioactivity and a greater capacity for dissolution than…...
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The maxillary sinus augmentation procedure has been well documented, and the long-term clinical success/survival (> 5 years) of implants placed, regardless of graft material(s) used, compares favorably to implants placed conventionally, with no grafting procedure.
Abstract: Purpose A variety of techniques and materials have been used to establish the structural base of osseous tissue for supporting dental implants. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the most successful technique(s) to provide the necessary alveolar bone to place a dental implant and support long-term survival. Methods A systematic online review of a main database and manual search of relevant articles from refereed journals were performed between 1980 and 2005. Updates and additions were made from September 2004 to May 2005. The hard tissue augmentation techniques were separated into 2 anatomic sites, the maxillary sinus and alveolar ridge. Within the alveolar ridge augmentation technique, different surgical approaches were identified and categorized, including guided bone regeneration (GBR), onlay/veneer grafting (OVG), combinations of onlay, veneer, interpositional inlay grafting (COG), distraction osteogenesis (DO), ridge splitting (RS), free and vascularized autografts for discontinuity defects (DD), mandibular interpositional grafting (MI), and socket preservation (SP). All identified articles were evaluated and screened by 2 independent reviewers to meet strict inclusion criteria. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were further evaluated for data extraction. The initial search identified a total of 526 articles from the electronic database and manual search. Of these, 335 articles met the inclusion criteria after a review of the titles and abstracts. From the 335 articles, further review of the full text of the articles produced 90 articles that provided sufficient data for extraction and analysis. Results For the maxillary sinus grafting (SG) technique, the results showed a total of 5,128 implants placed, with follow-up times ranging from 12 to 102 months. Implant survival was 92% for implants placed into autogenous and autogenous/composite grafts, 93.3% for implants placed into allogeneic/nonautogenous composite grafts, 81% for implants placed into alloplast and alloplast/xenograft materials, and 95.6% for implants placed into xenograft materials alone. For alveolar ridge augmentation, a total of 2,620 implants were placed, with follow-up ranging from 5 to 74 months. The implant survival rate was 95.5% for GBR, 90.4% for OVG, 94.7% for DO, and 83.8% for COG. Other techniques, such as DD, RS, SP, and MI, were difficult to analyze because of the small sample size and data heterogeneity within and across studies. Conclusions The maxillary sinus augmentation procedure has been well documented, and the long-term clinical success/survival (> 5 years) of implants placed, regardless of graft material(s) used, compares favorably to implants placed conventionally, with no grafting procedure, as reported in other systematic reviews. Alveolar ridge augmentation techniques do not have detailed documentation or long-term follow-up studies, with the exception of GBR. However, studies that met the inclusion criteria seemed to be comparable and yielded favorable results in supporting dental implants. The alveolar ridge augmentation procedures may be more technique- and operator-experience-sensitive, and implant survival may be a function of residual bone supporting the dental implant rather than grafted bone. More in-depth, long-term, multicenter studies are required to provide further insight into augmentation procedures to support dental implant survival.
707 citations
"Bone response to collagenized xenog..." refers background in this paper
...Clinical demand is driven by the search for materials that will help to accelerate osteointegration processes (Aghaloo & Moy 2007), and so bone replacement or bone substitute materials have been the subjects of widespread research in the fields of buccal and maxillofacial surgery (McAllister &…...
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TL;DR: The techniques for reconstruction of bony defects that are reviewed in this paper include the use of particulate bone grafts and bone graft substitutes, barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration, autogenous and allogenic block grafts, and the application of distraction osteogenesis.
Abstract: Background: The advent of osseointegration and advances in biomaterials and techniques have contributed to increased application of dental implants in the restoration of partial and completely edentulous patients. Often, in these patients, soft and hard tissue defects result from a variety of causes, such as infection, trauma, and tooth loss. These create an anatomically less favorable foundation for ideal implant placement. For prosthetic-driven dental implant therapy, reconstruction of the alveolar bone through a variety of regenerative surgical procedures has become predictable; it may be necessary prior to implant placement or simultaneously at the time of implant surgery to provide a restoration with a good long-term prognosis. Regenerative procedures are used for socket preservation, sinus augmentation, and horizontal and vertical ridge augmentation.Methods: A broad overview of the published findings in the English literature related to various bone augmentation techniques is outlined. A comprehensi...
648 citations
"Bone response to collagenized xenog..." refers background in this paper
...…search for materials that will help to accelerate osteointegration processes (Aghaloo & Moy 2007), and so bone replacement or bone substitute materials have been the subjects of widespread research in the fields of buccal and maxillofacial surgery (McAllister & Haghighat 2007; Zakhary et al. 2012)....
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