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Journal ArticleDOI

Bose-Einstein Condensation in Dilute Gases

29 Nov 2001-Physics Today (Cambridge University Press)-Vol. 56, Iss: 6, pp 62-63
TL;DR: In this paper, a unified introduction to the physics of ultracold atomic Bose and Fermi gases for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as experimentalists and theorists is provided.
Abstract: Since an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate, predicted by Einstein in 1925, was first produced in the laboratory in 1995, the study of ultracold Bose and Fermi gases has become one of the most active areas in contemporary physics. This book explains phenomena in ultracold gases from basic principles, without assuming a detailed knowledge of atomic, condensed matter, and nuclear physics. This new edition has been revised and updated, and includes new chapters on optical lattices, low dimensions, and strongly-interacting Fermi systems. This book provides a unified introduction to the physics of ultracold atomic Bose and Fermi gases for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as experimentalists and theorists. Chapters cover the statistical physics of trapped gases, atomic properties, cooling and trapping atoms, interatomic interactions, structure of trapped condensates, collective modes, rotating condensates, superfluidity, interference phenomena, and trapped Fermi gases. Problems are included at the end of each chapter.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of recent experimental and theoretical progress concerning many-body phenomena in dilute, ultracold gases is presented, focusing on effects beyond standard weakcoupling descriptions, such as the Mott-Hubbard transition in optical lattices, strongly interacting gases in one and two dimensions, or lowest-Landau-level physics in quasi-two-dimensional gases in fast rotation.
Abstract: This paper reviews recent experimental and theoretical progress concerning many-body phenomena in dilute, ultracold gases. It focuses on effects beyond standard weak-coupling descriptions, such as the Mott-Hubbard transition in optical lattices, strongly interacting gases in one and two dimensions, or lowest-Landau-level physics in quasi-two-dimensional gases in fast rotation. Strong correlations in fermionic gases are discussed in optical lattices or near-Feshbach resonances in the BCS-BEC crossover.

6,601 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Feshbach resonances are the essential tool to control the interaction between atoms in ultracold quantum gases and have found numerous experimental applications, opening up the way to important breakthroughs as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Feshbach resonances are the essential tool to control the interaction between atoms in ultracold quantum gases. They have found numerous experimental applications, opening up the way to important breakthroughs. This review broadly covers the phenomenon of Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases and their main applications. This includes the theoretical background and models for the description of Feshbach resonances, the experimental methods to find and characterize the resonances, a discussion of the main properties of resonances in various atomic species and mixed atomic species systems, and an overview of key experiments with atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, degenerate Fermi gases, and ultracold molecules.

2,642 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the physics of quantum degenerate atomic Fermi gases in uniform as well as in harmonically trapped configurations is reviewed from a theoretical perspective, focusing on the effect of interactions that bring the gas into a superfluid phase at low temperature.
Abstract: The physics of quantum degenerate atomic Fermi gases in uniform as well as in harmonically trapped configurations is reviewed from a theoretical perspective. Emphasis is given to the effect of interactions that play a crucial role, bringing the gas into a superfluid phase at low temperature. In these dilute systems, interactions are characterized by a single parameter, the $s$-wave scattering length, whose value can be tuned using an external magnetic field near a broad Feshbach resonance. The BCS limit of ordinary Fermi superfluidity, the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of dimers, and the unitary limit of large scattering length are important regimes exhibited by interacting Fermi gases. In particular, the BEC and the unitary regimes are characterized by a high value of the superfluid critical temperature, on the order of the Fermi temperature. Different physical properties are discussed, including the density profiles and the energy of the ground-state configurations, the momentum distribution, the fraction of condensed pairs, collective oscillations and pair-breaking effects, the expansion of the gas, the main thermodynamic properties, the behavior in the presence of optical lattices, and the signatures of superfluidity, such as the existence of quantized vortices, the quenching of the moment of inertia, and the consequences of spin polarization. Various theoretical approaches are considered, ranging from the mean-field description of the BCS-BEC crossover to nonperturbative methods based on quantum Monte Carlo techniques. A major goal of the review is to compare theoretical predictions with available experimental results.

1,753 citations


Cites background from "Bose-Einstein Condensation in Dilut..."

  • ...A simple derivation of this result can be found in the book by Pethick and Smith (2002) ....

    [...]

  • ...The attention of theorists was later focused also on phenomena which can not be accounted for by the mean-field description like, for example, the role of correlations in low dimensional and in fast rotating configurations as well as in deep optical lattices (for general reviews on Bose-Einstein condensed gases see Inguscio, Stringari and Wieman, 1999; Dalfovo et al., 1999; Leggett, 2001; Pethick and Smith, 2002; Pitaevskii and Stringari, ......

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a tutorial review of some ideas that are basic to our current understanding of Bose-Einstein condensation in the dilute atomic alkali gases, with special emphasis on the case of two or more coexisting hyperfine species.
Abstract: The author presents a tutorial review of some ideas that are basic to our current understanding of the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in the dilute atomic alkali gases, with special emphasis on the case of two or more coexisting hyperfine species. Topics covered include the definition of and conditions for BEC in an interacting system, the replacement of the true interatomic potential by a zero-range pseudopotential, the time-independent and time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equations, superfluidity and rotational properties, the Josephson effect and related phenomena, and the Bogoliubov approximation.

1,695 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an introduction to the physics of ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices is given and an overview of the theoretical and experimental advances to date is provided.
Abstract: Matter waves inside periodic potentials are well known from solid-state physics, where electrons interacting with a crystal lattice are considered. Atomic Bose-Einstein condensates inside light-induced periodic potentials (optical lattices) share many features with electrons in solids, but also with light waves in nonlinear materials and other nonlinear systems. Generally, atom-atom interactions in Bose-Einstein condensates lead to rich and interesting nonlinear effects. Furthermore, the experimental control over the parameters of the periodic potential and the condensate make it possible to enter regimes inaccessible in other systems. In this review, an introduction to the physics of ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices is given and an overview of the theoretical and experimental advances to date.

1,346 citations

References
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TL;DR: Basic Forms x n dx = 1 n + 1 x n+1 (1) 1 x dx = ln |x| (2) udv = uv − vdu (3) 1 ax + bdx = 1 a ln|ax + b| (4) Integrals of Rational Functions
Abstract: Basic Forms x n dx = 1 n + 1 x n+1 (1) 1 x dx = ln |x| (2) udv = uv − vdu (3) 1 ax + b dx = 1 a ln |ax + b| (4) Integrals of Rational Functions 1 (x + a) 2 dx = −

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TL;DR: The equilibrium of rods and plates Elastic waves Dislocations Thermal conduction and viscosity in solids Mechanics of liquid crystals Index as discussed by the authors The equilibrium of rod and plate elastic waves Elastic waves
Abstract: Fundamental equations The equilibrium of rods and plates Elastic waves Dislocations Thermal conduction and viscosity in solids Mechanics of liquid crystals Index.

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the two-fluid model is used to describe the behavior of a superfluid in response to a transverse probe in a two-fluid model.
Abstract: Special Preface -- Preface -- Special Preface -- Preface -- Introduction -- Neutral Fermi Liquids -- Response and Correlation in Neutral Systems -- Charged Fermi Liquids -- Response and Correlation in Homogeneous Electron Systems -- Microscopic Theories of the Electron Liquid -- Introduction -- Experimental And Theoretical Background On He II -- Elementary Excitations -- Elementary Excitations in He II -- Superfluid Behavior: Response To A Transverse Probe. Qualitative Behavior Of A Superfluid -- Superfluid Flow: Macroscopic Limit -- Basis for the Two-Fluid Model -- First, Second, And Quasi-Particle Sound -- Vortex Lines -- Microscopic Theory: Uniform Condensate -- Microscopic Theory: Non-Uniform Condensate -- Conclusion -- * Second Quantization

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Book
01 Jan 1964
TL;DR: In this article, the specific heat of high-T c superconductors was studied. But the authors focused on the scaling of 3 He-4 He mixtures and did not consider the properties of the order parameter collective modes of these mixtures.
Abstract: Preface. Contents of previous volumes. 1. Critical behavior and scaling of confined 4 He (F.M. Gasparini and I. Rhee). 2. Ultrasonic spectroscopy of the order parameter collective modes of superfluid 3 He (E.R. Dobbs and J. Saunders). 3. Thermodynamics and hydrodynamics of 3 He- 4 He mixtures (A.Th.A.M. de Waele and J.G.M. Kuerten). 4. Quantum phenomena in circuits at low temperatures (T.P. Spiller, T.D. Clark, R.J. Prance and A. Widom). 5. The specific heat of high-T c superconductors (N.E. Phillips, R.A. Fisher and J.E. Gordon). Author index. Subject index.

1,632 citations