Brain-immune connection: immuno-regulatory properties of CNS-resident cells.
Citations
1,508 citations
Cites background from "Brain-immune connection: immuno-reg..."
...While their involvement in the activity of the brain is still poorly under- stood, it is widely accepted that they control the process and outcome of traumatic, infectious, or degenerative challenges (Hopkins and Rothwell, 1995; Rothwell and Hopkins, 1995; Becher et al., 2000)....
[...]
1,241 citations
Cites background from "Brain-immune connection: immuno-reg..."
...…brain have shown that these cells are able to take up, process, and present protein antigen to naive, memory, and differentiated T cells, leading to stimulation of either T-cell proliferation, effector functions (cytokine secretion) or both (reviewed by Becher et al., 2000; Aloisi et al., 2000b)....
[...]
...Inset: surface molecules mediating antigen-specific, adhesive, and costimulatory interactions between microglia and CD41 T cells. antigen (reviewed by Aloisi et al., 2000b; Becher et al., 2000)....
[...]
...TNF-a is another proinflammatory cytokine with macrophage activating function, which has been shown to promote microglia phagocytosis as well as production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (Chao et al., 1995; Smith et al., 1998; Becher et al., 2000; Nadeau and Rivest, 2000)....
[...]
...During CNS inflammation, TNF-a is produced by activated Th1 cells, macrophages and microglia, and probably represents a major autocrine activator (Becher et al., 2000)....
[...]
1,220 citations
Cites background from "Brain-immune connection: immuno-reg..."
...More recent studies have implicated astrocyte involvement in activation of Th2 responses (for review, see Becher et al., 2000)....
[...]
...Numerous studies have confirmed the role of microglia as important APCs within the CNS (for review, see Aloisi et al., 2000a,b; Becher et al., 2000), while the role of astrocytes remains controversial....
[...]
948 citations
Cites background from "Brain-immune connection: immuno-reg..."
...Whereas the innate immune system uses mainly phagocytic cells, including monocytes/macrophages and microglia, B and T lymphocytes are the pivotal cellular members of the adaptive immune system (1,2)....
[...]
807 citations
References
7,814 citations
7,567 citations
2,939 citations
2,898 citations
2,465 citations