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Journal Article•DOI•

‘Breathing’ of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems

Dennis D. Baldocchi1•
University of California, Berkeley1
28 Feb 2008-Australian Journal of Botany (CSIRO PUBLISHING)-Vol. 56, Iss: 1, pp 1-26
TL;DR: Key findings reported include: ecosystems with the greatest net carbon uptake have the longest growing season, not the greatest FA; many old-growth forests act as carbon sinks; and year-to-year decreases in FN are attributed to a suite of stresses that decrease FA and FR in tandem.
Abstract: Published eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere from a global network are distilled, synthesised and reviewed according to time scale, climate and plant functional types, disturbance and land use. Other topics discussed include history of the network, errors and issues associated with the eddy covariance method, and a synopsis of how these data are being used by ecosystem and climate modellers and the remote-sensing community. Spatial and temporal differences in net annual exchange, FN, result from imbalances in canopy photosynthesis (FA) and ecosystem respiration (FR), which scale closely with one another on annual time scales. Key findings reported include the following: (1) ecosystems with the greatest net carbon uptake have the longest growing season, not the greatest FA; (2) ecosystems losing carbon were recently disturbed; (3) many old-growth forests act as carbon sinks; and (4) year-to-year decreases in FN are attributed to a suite of stresses that decrease FA and FR in tandem. Short-term flux measurements revealed emergent-scale processes including (1) the enhancement of light use efficiency by diffuse light, (2) dynamic pulses in FR following rain and (3) the acclimation FA and FR to temperature. They also quantify how FA and FR respond to droughts and heat spells.

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Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: A review

[...]

Sonia I. Seneviratne1, T. Corti1, Edouard Davin1, Martin Hirschi1, Eric B. Jaeger1, Irene Lehner1, Boris Orlowsky1, Adriaan J. Teuling1 •
ETH Zurich1
01 May 2010-Earth-Science Reviews
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a synthesis of past research on the role of soil moisture for the climate system, based both on modelling and observational studies, focusing on soil moisture-temperature and soil moistureprecipitation feedbacks, and their possible modifications with climate change.

3,402 citations

Cites background from "‘Breathing’ of the terrestrial bios..."

  • ...Nonetheless, the new FLUXNET synthesis dataset offers for the first time valuable observations of land hydrological variables, and should thus provide significant help in understanding soil moisture–climate relationships (e.g. Rambal et al., 2003; Ciais et al., 2005; Bréda et al., 2006; Granier et al., 2007; Reichstein et al., 2007; Baldocchi, 2008; Stöckli et al. 2008; Teuling et al., 2009; Jaeger et al., 2009)....

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  • ..., 2004a ( 2001; Baldocchi, 2008) can be useful for identifying the processes controlling evapotranspiration on the local and regional scales....

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  • ...Second, new validation datasets are becoming available thanks to recently initiated soil moisture and evapotranspiration measurement networks (e.g. Robock et al., 2000; Basara and Crawford, 2000; Baldocchi et al., 2001,MartinezFernandez and Ceballos, 2003; De Rosnay et al., 2006; Panciera et al., 2008; Baldocchi, 2008), new satellite measurements (e....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate

[...]

Christian Beer1, Markus Reichstein1, Enrico Tomelleri1, Philippe Ciais2, Martin Jung1, Nuno Carvalhais1, Christian Rödenbeck1, M. Altaf Arain3, Dennis D. Baldocchi4, Gordon B. Bonan5, Alberte Bondeau6, Alessandro Cescatti, Gitta Lasslop1, Anders Lindroth7, Mark R. Lomas8, Sebastiaan Luyssaert9, Hank A. Margolis10, Keith W. Oleson5, Olivier Roupsard11, Elmar Veenendaal12, Nicolas Viovy2, Christopher M. Williams13, F. Ian Woodward8, Dario Papale •
Max Planck Society1, Centre national de la recherche scientifique2, McMaster University3, University of California, Berkeley4, National Center for Atmospheric Research5, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research6, Lund University7, University of Sheffield8, University of Antwerp9, Laval University10, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza11, Wageningen University and Research Centre12, Clark University13
13 Aug 2010-Science
TL;DR: Estimates of spatially distributed GPP and its covariation with climate can help improve coupled climate–carbon cycle process models.
Abstract: Terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) is the largest global CO(2) flux driving several ecosystem functions. We provide an observation-based estimate of this flux at 123 +/- 8 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year(-1)) using eddy covariance flux data and various diagnostic models. Tropical forests and savannahs account for 60%. GPP over 40% of the vegetated land is associated with precipitation. State-of-the-art process-oriented biosphere models used for climate predictions exhibit a large between-model variation of GPP's latitudinal patterns and show higher spatial correlations between GPP and precipitation, suggesting the existence of missing processes or feedback mechanisms which attenuate the vegetation response to climate. Our estimates of spatially distributed GPP and its covariation with climate can help improve coupled climate-carbon cycle process models.

2,081 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm

[...]

Qiaozhen Mu1, Maosheng Zhao1, Steven W. Running1•
University of Montana1
15 Aug 2011-Remote Sensing of Environment
TL;DR: In this article, an improved version of the global evapotranspiration (ET) algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data has been proposed, which simplifies the calculation of vegetation cover fraction, calculating ET as the sum of daytime and nighttime components, adding soil heat flux calculation, improving estimates of stomatal conductance, aerodynamic resistance and boundary layer resistance, separating dry canopy surface from the wet and dividing soil surface into saturated wet surface and moist surface.

2,052 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Drought-Induced Reduction in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 2000 Through 2009

[...]

Maosheng Zhao1, Steven W. Running1•
University of Montana1
20 Aug 2010-Science
TL;DR: Satellite data used to estimate global terrestrial NPP over the past decade found that the earlier trend has been reversed and that NPP has been decreasing, and combined with climate change data suggests that large-scale droughts are responsible for the decline.
Abstract: Terrestrial net primary production (NPP) quantifies the amount of atmospheric carbon fixed by plants and accumulated as biomass. Previous studies have shown that climate constraints were relaxing with increasing temperature and solar radiation, allowing an upward trend in NPP from 1982 through 1999. The past decade (2000 to 2009) has been the warmest since instrumental measurements began, which could imply continued increases in NPP; however, our estimates suggest a reduction in the global NPP of 0.55 petagrams of carbon. Large-scale droughts have reduced regional NPP, and a drying trend in the Southern Hemisphere has decreased NPP in that area, counteracting the increased NPP over the Northern Hemisphere. A continued decline in NPP would not only weaken the terrestrial carbon sink, but it would also intensify future competition between food demand and proposed biofuel production.

2,027 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
TRY - a global database of plant traits

[...]

Jens Kattge1, Sandra Díaz2, Sandra Lavorel3, Iain Colin Prentice4, Paul Leadley5, Gerhard Bönisch1, Eric Garnier3, Mark Westoby4, Peter B. Reich6, Peter B. Reich7, Ian J. Wright4, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen8, Cyrille Violle3, Sandy P. Harrison4, P.M. van Bodegom8, Markus Reichstein1, Brian J. Enquist9, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia8, David D. Ackerly10, Madhur Anand11, Owen K. Atkin12, Michael Bahn13, Timothy R. Baker14, Dennis D. Baldocchi10, Renée M. Bekker15, Carolina C. Blanco16, Benjamin Blonder9, William J. Bond17, Ross A. Bradstock18, Daniel E. Bunker19, Fernando Casanoves20, Jeannine Cavender-Bares6, Jeffrey Q. Chambers21, F. S. Chapin22, Jérôme Chave3, David A. Coomes23, William K. Cornwell8, Joseph M. Craine24, B. H. Dobrin9, Leandro da Silva Duarte16, Walter Durka25, James J. Elser26, Gerd Esser27, Marc Estiarte28, William F. Fagan29, Jingyun Fang, Fernando Fernández-Méndez30, Alessandra Fidelis31, Bryan Finegan20, Olivier Flores32, H. Ford33, Dorothea Frank1, Grégoire T. Freschet34, Nikolaos M. Fyllas14, Rachael V. Gallagher4, Walton A. Green35, Alvaro G. Gutiérrez25, Thomas Hickler, Steven I. Higgins36, John G. Hodgson37, Adel Jalili, Steven Jansen38, Carlos Alfredo Joly39, Andrew J. Kerkhoff40, Don Kirkup41, Kaoru Kitajima42, Michael Kleyer43, Stefan Klotz25, Johannes M. H. Knops44, Koen Kramer, Ingolf Kühn16, Hiroko Kurokawa45, Daniel C. Laughlin46, Tali D. Lee47, Michelle R. Leishman4, Frederic Lens48, Tanja Lenz4, Simon L. Lewis14, Jon Lloyd14, Jon Lloyd49, Joan Llusià28, Frédérique Louault50, Siyan Ma10, Miguel D. Mahecha1, Peter Manning51, Tara Joy Massad1, Belinda E. Medlyn4, Julie Messier9, Angela T. Moles52, Sandra Cristina Müller16, Karin Nadrowski53, Shahid Naeem54, Ülo Niinemets55, S. Nöllert1, A. Nüske1, Romà Ogaya28, Jacek Oleksyn56, Vladimir G. Onipchenko57, Yusuke Onoda58, Jenny C. Ordoñez59, Gerhard E. Overbeck16, Wim A. Ozinga59, Sandra Patiño14, Susana Paula60, Juli G. Pausas60, Josep Peñuelas28, Oliver L. Phillips14, Valério D. Pillar16, Hendrik Poorter, Lourens Poorter59, Peter Poschlod61, Andreas Prinzing62, Raphaël Proulx63, Anja Rammig64, Sabine Reinsch65, Björn Reu1, Lawren Sack66, Beatriz Salgado-Negret20, Jordi Sardans28, Satomi Shiodera67, Bill Shipley68, Andrew Siefert69, Enio E. Sosinski70, Jean-François Soussana50, Emily Swaine71, Nathan G. Swenson72, Ken Thompson37, Peter E. Thornton73, Matthew S. Waldram74, Evan Weiher47, Michael T. White75, S. White11, S. J. Wright76, Benjamin Yguel3, Sönke Zaehle1, Amy E. Zanne77, Christian Wirth58 •
Max Planck Society1, National University of Cordoba2, Centre national de la recherche scientifique3, Macquarie University4, University of Paris-Sud5, University of Minnesota6, University of Western Sydney7, VU University Amsterdam8, University of Arizona9, University of California, Berkeley10, University of Guelph11, Australian National University12, University of Innsbruck13, University of Leeds14, University of Groningen15, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul16, University of Cape Town17, University of Wollongong18, New Jersey Institute of Technology19, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza20, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory21, University of Alaska Fairbanks22, University of Cambridge23, Kansas State University24, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ25, Arizona State University26, University of Giessen27, Autonomous University of Barcelona28, University of Maryland, College Park29, Universidad del Tolima30, University of São Paulo31, University of La Réunion32, University of York33, University of Sydney34, Harvard University35, Goethe University Frankfurt36, University of Sheffield37, University of Ulm38, State University of Campinas39, Kenyon College40, Royal Botanic Gardens41, University of Florida42, University of Oldenburg43, University of Nebraska–Lincoln44, Tohoku University45, Northern Arizona University46, University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire47, Naturalis48, James Cook University49, Institut national de la recherche agronomique50, Newcastle University51, University of New South Wales52, Leipzig University53, Columbia University54, Estonian University of Life Sciences55, Polish Academy of Sciences56, Moscow State University57, Kyushu University58, Wageningen University and Research Centre59, Spanish National Research Council60, University of Regensburg61, University of Rennes62, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières63, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research64, Technical University of Denmark65, University of California, Los Angeles66, Hokkaido University67, Université de Sherbrooke68, Syracuse University69, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária70, University of Aberdeen71, Michigan State University72, Oak Ridge National Laboratory73, University of Leicester74, Utah State University75, Smithsonian Institution76, University of Missouri77
01 Sep 2011
TL;DR: TRY as discussed by the authors is a global database of plant traits, including morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants and their organs, which can be used for a wide range of research from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology to biogeography.
Abstract: Plant traits – the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants and their organs – determine how primary producers respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, influence ecosystem processes and services and provide a link from species richness to ecosystem functional diversity. Trait data thus represent the raw material for a wide range of research from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology to biogeography. Here we present the global database initiative named TRY, which has united a wide range of the plant trait research community worldwide and gained an unprecedented buy-in of trait data: so far 93 trait databases have been contributed. The data repository currently contains almost three million trait entries for 69 000 out of the world's 300 000 plant species, with a focus on 52 groups of traits characterizing the vegetative and regeneration stages of the plant life cycle, including growth, dispersal, establishment and persistence. A first data analysis shows that most plant traits are approximately log-normally distributed, with widely differing ranges of variation across traits. Most trait variation is between species (interspecific), but significant intraspecific variation is also documented, up to 40% of the overall variation. Plant functional types (PFTs), as commonly used in vegetation models, capture a substantial fraction of the observed variation – but for several traits most variation occurs within PFTs, up to 75% of the overall variation. In the context of vegetation models these traits would better be represented by state variables rather than fixed parameter values. The improved availability of plant trait data in the unified global database is expected to support a paradigm shift from species to trait-based ecology, offer new opportunities for synthetic plant trait research and enable a more realistic and empirically grounded representation of terrestrial vegetation in Earth system models.

2,017 citations

References
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Journal Article•DOI•
The Strategy of Ecosystem Development

[...]

Eugene P. Odum1•
University of Georgia1
18 Apr 1969-Science
TL;DR: The principles of ecological succession bear importantly on the relationships between man and nature and needs to be examined as a basis for resolving man’s present environmental crisis.
Abstract: The principles of ecological succession bear importantly on the relationships between man and nature. The framework of successional theory needs to be examined as a basis for resolving man’s present environmental crisis. Most ideas pertaining to the development of ecological systems are based on descriptive data obtained by observing changes in biotic communities over long periods, or on highly theoretical assumptions; very few of the generally accepted hypotheses have been tested experimentally. Some of the confusion, vagueness, and lack of experimental work in this area stems from the tendency of ecologists to regard “succession” as a single straightforward idea; in actual fact, it entails an interacting complex of processes, some of which counteract one another.

4,419 citations

"‘Breathing’ of the terrestrial bios..." refers background in this paper

  • ...These new data are allowing the fluxmeasurement community to test the disturbance–recovery theory of Odum (1969)....

    [...]

  • ...Several chronosequence studies are currently testing the succession hypothesis of Odum (1969) by quantifying (1) how much carbon is lost after disturbance, (2) how long does it take for the ecosystem to recover and become a carbon sink and (3) at what age does an ecosystem recover and become carbon…...

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Climate Extremes: Observations, Modeling, and Impacts

[...]

David R. Easterling1, Gerald A. Meehl2, Camille Parmesan3, Stanley A. Changnon, Thomas R. Karl1, Linda O. Mearns2 •
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration1, National Center for Atmospheric Research2, University of Texas at Austin3
22 Sep 2000-Science
TL;DR: Results of observational studies suggest that in many areas that have been analyzed, changes in total precipitation are amplified at the tails, and changes in some temperature extremes have been observed.
Abstract: One of the major concerns with a potential change in climate is that an increase in extreme events will occur. Results of observational studies suggest that in many areas that have been analyzed, changes in total precipitation are amplified at the tails, and changes in some temperature extremes have been observed. Model output has been analyzed that shows changes in extreme events for future climates, such as increases in extreme high temperatures, decreases in extreme low temperatures, and increases in intense precipitation events. In addition, the societal infrastructure is becoming more sensitive to weather and climate extremes, which would be exacerbated by climate change. In wild plants and animals, climate-induced extinctions, distributional and phenological changes, and species' range shifts are being documented at an increasing rate. Several apparently gradual biological changes are linked to responses to extreme weather and climate events.

4,379 citations

"‘Breathing’ of the terrestrial bios..." refers background in this paper

  • ...2001), global dimming of solar radiation (Stanhill and Cohen 2001), evidence for global warming (Easterling et al. 2000), the transport of dust and pollution plumes across and from Asia (Ramanathan et al....

    [...]

  • ...The detection of acid rain (Driscoll et al. 2001), global dimming of solar radiation (Stanhill and Cohen 2001), evidence for global warming (Easterling et al. 2000), the transport of dust and pollution plumes across and from Asia (Ramanathan et al. 2001) and trends in CO2 and greenhouse gases (Tans…...

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer

[...]

E. K. Webb1, G. I. Pearman1, Ray Leuning2•
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation1, University of Guelph2
01 Jan 1980-Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
TL;DR: In this article, the basic relationships are discussed in the context of vertical transfer in the lower atmosphere, and the required corrections to the measured flux are derived, where the correction to measurements of water vapour flux will often be only a few per cent but will sometimes exceed 10 percent.
Abstract: When the atmospheric turbulent flux of a minor constituent such as CO2 (or of water vapour as a special case) is measured by either the eddy covariance or the mean gradient technique, account may need to be taken of variations of the constituent's density due to the presence of a flux of heat and/or water vapour. In this paper the basic relationships are discussed in the context of vertical transfer in the lower atmosphere, and the required corrections to the measured flux are derived. If the measurement involves sensing of the fluctuations or mean gradient of the constituent's mixing ratio relative to the dry air component, then no correction is required; while with sensing of the constituent's specific mass content relative to the total moist air, a correction arising from the water vapour flux only is required. Correspondingly, if in mean gradient measurements the constituent's density is measured in air from different heights which has been pre-dried and brought to a common temperature, then again no correction is required; while if the original (moist) air itself is brought to a common temperature, then only a correction arising from the water vapour flux is required. If the constituent's density fluctuations or mean gradients are measured directly in the air in situ, then corrections arising from both heat and water vapour fluxes are required. These corrections will often be very important. That due to the heat flux is about five times as great as that due to an equal latent heat (water vapour) flux. In CO2 flux measurements the magnitude of the correction will commonly exceed that of the flux itself. The correction to measurements of water vapour flux will often be only a few per cent but will sometimes exceed 10 per cent.

4,174 citations

"‘Breathing’ of the terrestrial bios..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...…covariance method to measure ecosystem CO2 exchange soon followed, based on technical advances in microcomputers and micrometeorological theory (Webb et al. 1980; Moore 1986; McMillen 1988) and the development of CO2 sensors that relied on fast-responding, solid-state infrared detectors (Auble…...

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Journal Article•DOI•
Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle

[...]

Veerabhadran Ramanathan1, Paul J. Crutzen1, Paul J. Crutzen2, Jeffrey T. Kiehl3, Daniel Rosenfeld4 •
University of California, San Diego1, Max Planck Society2, National Center for Atmospheric Research3, Hebrew University of Jerusalem4
07 Dec 2001-Science
TL;DR: Human activities are releasing tiny particles (aerosols) into the atmosphere that enhance scattering and absorption of solar radiation, which can lead to a weaker hydrological cycle, which connects directly to availability and quality of fresh water, a major environmental issue of the 21st century.
Abstract: Human activities are releasing tiny particles (aerosols) into the atmosphere. These human-made aerosols enhance scattering and absorption of solar radiation. They also produce brighter clouds that are less efficient at releasing precipitation. These in turn lead to large reductions in the amount of solar irradiance reaching Earth's surface, a corresponding increase in solar heating of the atmosphere, changes in the atmospheric temperature structure, suppression of rainfall, and less efficient removal of pollutants. These aerosol effects can lead to a weaker hydrological cycle, which connects directly to availability and quality of fresh water, a major environmental issue of the 21st century.

3,469 citations

"‘Breathing’ of the terrestrial bios..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…(Stanhill and Cohen 2001), evidence for global warming (Easterling et al. 2000), the transport of dust and pollution plumes across and from Asia (Ramanathan et al. 2001) and trends in CO2 and greenhouse gases (Tans et al. 1996) are among the more noteworthy results detected with networks of…...

    [...]

  • ...2000), the transport of dust and pollution plumes across and from Asia (Ramanathan et al. 2001) and trends in CO2 and greenhouse gases (Tans et al....

    [...]

  • ...In another study, Owen et al. (2007) quantified the coefficients in Eqn 1 for 18 European and 17 North American and Asian forests, wetlands, tundra, grassland and crop sites under well watered conditions....

    [...]

  • ...Analysis of data from 11 deciduous-forest sites in North America, Europe and Asia indicated that the commencement of canopy photosynthesis corresponds well with the date when soil temperature crosses mean annual air temperature (Fig....

    [...]

  • ...The detection of acid rain (Driscoll et al. 2001), global dimming of solar radiation (Stanhill and Cohen 2001), evidence for global warming (Easterling et al. 2000), the transport of dust and pollution plumes across and from Asia (Ramanathan et al. 2001) and trends in CO2 and greenhouse gases (Tans et al. 1996) are among the more noteworthy results detected with networks of meteorological instruments....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003

[...]

Philippe Ciais, Markus Reichstein1, Nicolas Viovy, A. Granier, Jérôme Ogée2, Vincent Allard2, M. Aubinet, Nina Buchmann1, C. Bernhofer3, Arnaud Carrara, Frédéric Chevallier, N. de Noblet, Andrew D. Friend, Pierre Friedlingstein, Thomas Grünwald3, Bernard Heinesch, Petri Keronen4, Alexander Knohl1, Gerhard Krinner, Denis Loustau2, Giovanni Manca, Giorgio Matteucci, Franco Miglietta, Jean-Marc Ourcival5, Dario Papale, Kim Pilegaard, Serge Rambal5, G. Seufert, Jean-François Soussana2, María José Sanz, Ernst Detlef Schulze1, Timo Vesala4, Riccardo Valentini •
Max Planck Society1, Institut national de la recherche agronomique2, Dresden University of Technology3, University of Helsinki4, Centre national de la recherche scientifique5
22 Sep 2005-Nature
TL;DR: An increase in future drought events could turn temperate ecosystems into carbon sources, contributing to positive carbon-climate feedbacks already anticipated in the tropics and at high latitudes.
Abstract: Future climate warming is expected to enhance plant growth in temperate ecosystems and to increase carbon sequestration. But although severe regional heatwaves may become more frequent in a changing climate their impact on terrestrial carbon cycling is unclear. Here we report measurements of ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes, remotely sensed radiation absorbed by plants, and country-level crop yields taken during the European heatwave in 2003.We use a terrestrial biosphere simulation model to assess continental-scale changes in primary productivity during 2003, and their consequences for the net carbon balance. We estimate a 30 per cent reduction in gross primary productivity over Europe, which resulted in a strong anomalous net source of carbon dioxide (0.5 Pg Cyr21) to the atmosphere and reversed the effect of four years of net ecosystem carbon sequestration. Our results suggest that productivity reduction in eastern and western Europe can be explained by rainfall deficit and extreme summer heat, respectively. We also find that ecosystem respiration decreased together with gross primary productivity, rather than accelerating with the temperature rise. Model results, corroborated by historical records of crop yields, suggest that such a reduction in Europe's primary productivity is unprecedented during the last century. An increase in future drought events could turn temperate ecosystems into carbon sources, contributing to positive carbon-climate feedbacks already anticipated in the tropics and at high latitudes.

3,408 citations

"‘Breathing’ of the terrestrial bios..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…2004; Williams and Albertson 2005; Pereira et al. 2007) or exploit large-scale droughts, similar to the one that occurred across Europe in 2003 (Ciais et al. 2005; Granier et al. 2007; Reichstein et al. 2007a), North America in 1995 (Baldocchi 1997) or across the boreal zone of western Canada…...

    [...]

  • ...…networks in North America, the Large Biosphere Amazon (LBA) project in South America (Keller et al. 2004), the EuroFlux and CarboEurope networks in Europe (Valentini et al. 2000; Ciais et al. 2005), OzFlux in Australasia, China Flux (Yu et al. 2006) and AsiaFlux in Asia and AfriFlux in Africa (Fig....

    [...]

  • ...This phenomenon occurred across Europe in 2003 when mean temperatures exceeded the long-term mean by more than 6◦C (Ciais et al. 2005; Reichstein et al. 2007a)....

    [...]

Related Papers (5)
On the Separation of Net Ecosystem Exchange into Assimilation and Ecosystem Respiration: Review and Improved Algorithm

[...]

01 Sep 2005-Global Change Biology
Markus Reichstein, Eva Falge, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Dario Papale, Marc Aubinet, Paul Berbigier, Christian Bernhofer, Nina Buchmann, Nina Buchmann, Tagir G. Gilmanov, A. Granier, Thomas Grünwald, Katka Havránková, Hannu Ilvesniemi, Dalibor Janouš, Alexander Knohl, Alexander Knohl, Tuomas Laurila, Annalea Lohila, Denis Loustau, Giorgio Matteucci, Tilden P. Meyers, Franco Miglietta, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Jukka Pumpanen, Serge Rambal, Eyal Rotenberg, María José Sanz, John Tenhunen, G. Seufert, Francesco Primo Vaccari, Timo Vesala, Dan Yakir, Riccardo Valentini 
FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities

[...]

01 Nov 2001-Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
Dennis D. Baldocchi, Eva Falge, Lianhong Gu, Richard J. Olson, David Y. Hollinger, Steven W. Running, P. M. Anthoni, Ch. Bernhofer, Kenneth J. Davis, Robert G. Evans, Jose D. Fuentes, Allen H. Goldstein, Gabriel G. Katul, Beverly E. Law, Xuhui Lee, Yadvinder Malhi, Tilden P. Meyers, William Munger, Walter C. Oechel, Kim Pilegaard, Hans Peter Schmid, Riccardo Valentini, Shashi B. Verma, Timo Vesala, Kell B. Wilson, S. C. Wofsy 
Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer

[...]

01 Jan 1980-Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
E. K. Webb, G. I. Pearman, Ray Leuning
Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future

[...]

01 Apr 2003-Global Change Biology
Dennis D. Baldocchi
Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate

[...]

13 Aug 2010-Science
Christian Beer, Markus Reichstein, Enrico Tomelleri, Philippe Ciais, Martin Jung, Nuno Carvalhais, Christian Rödenbeck, M. Altaf Arain, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Gordon B. Bonan, Alberte Bondeau, Alessandro Cescatti, Gitta Lasslop, Anders Lindroth, Mark R. Lomas, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Hank A. Margolis, Keith W. Oleson, Olivier Roupsard, Elmar Veenendaal, Nicolas Viovy, Christopher M. Williams, F. Ian Woodward, Dario Papale