Broadcasting one world: How watching online videos can elicit elevation and reduce stereotypes
TL;DR: In this paper, a 3'×'4 between-subjects online experiment, they varied type of video (beauty of the earth, unity of humankind, portrayals of human kindness, and funny control videos) and context of proliferation (presentation on an unknown video platform or on YouTube with low vs high number of views).
Abstract: Research on non-hedonic entertainment suggests the experience of elevation as an important construct leading to beneficial outcomes such as prosocial motivation. This study builds on first findings in this realm by distinguishing between different meaningful media contents. In a 3 × 4 between-subjects online experiment, we varied type of video (beauty of the earth, unity of humankind, portrayals of human kindness, and funny control videos) and context of proliferation (presentation on an unknown video platform or on YouTube with low vs high number of views). Meaningful videos indeed led to greater elevation, more universal orientation, and prosocial motivation—with videos showing human kindness standing out against other forms of meaningful videos. Human kindness videos additionally fostered more positive attitudes toward stereotyped groups—mediated by the feeling of elevation and the subsequent feeling of universal orientation.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the usefulness of two related communication strategies: proximising climate change with news focussing on local impacts, and bridging psychological distance by raising the salience of people's global identity as part of humanity.
68 citations
TL;DR: This paper reviewed theory and empirical research on being moved across psychology and philosophy, and examined fee-feeling experience of being moved in the past and present, and did this experience constitute a unique emotion.
Abstract: When do people say that they are moved, and does this experience constitute a unique emotion? We review theory and empirical research on being moved across psychology and philosophy. We examine fee...
54 citations
Cites background from "Broadcasting one world: How watchin..."
...In addition, studies have provided evidence that being moved may reduce stereotypes and prejudice (Bartsch, Oliver, Nitsch, & Scherr, 2016; Krämer et al., 2016; Lai, Haidt, & Nosek, 2014; Oliver et al., 2015); increase altruistic helping behavior (Batson et al., 1988; Cova et al., 2016; Cox, 2010;…...
[...]
TL;DR: This article found that news articles accompanied by either civil or uncivil comments elicited lower affective states associated with elevation and that civil comments increased universal orientation through the mediating pathway of bandwagon support.
Abstract: Past research on meaningful media has shown that the experience of elevation can foster increased feelings of connection to others due to the affective states that meaningful media elicit. However, what happens when inspiring media are accompanied by cues related to the opinion of others? Does the presumed opinion of the audience moderate the affective indicators or behavioral effects of elevation? An online experiment was conducted to answer these questions using a 2 (news type: inspiring vs. non-inspiring control) × 3 (comment type: civil vs. uncivil vs. no comment control) between-subjects design. Results revealed that news articles accompanied by either civil or uncivil comments elicited lower affective states associated with elevation. Furthermore, civil comments increased universal orientation through the mediating pathway of bandwagon support.
24 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Broadcasting one world: How watchin..."
...Inspiring news and online comments While the effects of eudaimonic media have been studied extensively in offline contexts, the relative influence of inspiring media on elevation and prosocial outcomes has been understudied in the online environment (Krämer et al., 2016)....
[...]
...While the effects of inspiring media have received a good deal of attention in past work (e.g., Krämer et al., 2016; Oliver et al., 2015), much less research has considered whether the assumed response of other audience members potentially moderates the effects of eudaimonic media....
[...]
...It is important to note, however, that the present study focused on the effects of online comments, while Krämer et al. (2016) examined the prospective moderating role of page views....
[...]
...…to be mediated by the affective states associated with elevation, with several studies revealing that eudaimonic media affect universal orientation (Krämer et al., 2016) and prosocial behavior (Bailey & Wojdynski, 2015) indirectly through changes in meaningful affect and mixed affect – two…...
[...]
...In order to measure universal orientation, six Likert-type items (1 = “strongly disagree,” 7 = “strongly agree”) were adapted from Krämer et al. (2016)....
[...]
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted three studies to test whether extended contact through reading the popular best-selling books of Harry Potter improves attitudes toward stigmatized groups (immigrants, homosexuals, refugees).
Abstract: Recent research shows that extended contact via story reading is a powerful strategy to improve out-group attitudes. We conducted three studies to test whether extended contact through reading the popular best-selling books of Harry Potter improves attitudes toward stigmatized groups (immigrants, homosexuals, refugees). Results from one experimental intervention with elementary school children and from two cross-sectional studies with high school and university students (in Italy and United Kingdom) supported our main hypothesis. Identification with the main character (i.e., Harry Potter) and disidentification from the negative character (i.e., Voldemort) moderated the effect. Perspective taking emerged as the process allowing attitude improvement. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed in the context of extended intergroup contact and social cognitive theory.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used news footage of a mass execution conducted by the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and found that higher levels of graphic violence led to stronger anger and disgust responses, which in turn predicted high levels of moral sensitivity, desire for anti-ISIS interventions and eudaimonic motivations.
Abstract: Common wisdom holds that graphic media violence leads to antisocial outcomes. This common wisdom is reflected in the Society for Professional Journalists’ Code of Ethics. However, theory and research regarding moral emotions’ ability to increase moral sensitivity suggests that this type of negative content may be capable of yielding prosocial responses. This article describes this logic and tests its predictions in two experimental studies utilizing news footage of a mass execution conducted by the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Results corroborate claims that graphic media violence can serve as a moral motivator. Higher levels of graphic violence led to stronger anger and disgust responses, which in turn predicted higher levels of (a) moral sensitivity, (b) desires for anti-ISIS interventions (including military and humanitarian efforts), and (c) eudaimonic motivations (i.e., seeking meaning in life). Important to note, no increases in negative attitudes toward Arab Muslims were observed. Theore...
18 citations
Cites background or methods from "Broadcasting one world: How watchin..."
...We utilized a scale from prior research (Oliver et al., 2012; see also Krämer et al., 2016) to measure eudaimonic motivations as well as hedonic motivations (i.e., motivations related to pleasure and materialism)....
[...]
...Third, prior research has shown that observing moral upholding can increase eudaimonic motivations (i.e., motivations related to being a better person and seeking meaning in life; Krämer et al., 2016; Oliver, Hartmann, & Woolley, 2012)....
[...]
References
More filters
Book•
06 May 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a discussion of whether, if, how, and when a moderate mediator can be used to moderate another variable's effect in a conditional process analysis.
Abstract: I. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 1. Introduction 1.1. A Scientist in Training 1.2. Questions of Whether, If, How, and When 1.3. Conditional Process Analysis 1.4. Correlation, Causality, and Statistical Modeling 1.5. Statistical Software 1.6. Overview of this Book 1.7. Chapter Summary 2. Simple Linear Regression 2.1. Correlation and Prediction 2.2. The Simple Linear Regression Equation 2.3. Statistical Inference 2.4. Assumptions for Interpretation and Statistical Inference 2.5. Chapter Summary 3. Multiple Linear Regression 3.1. The Multiple Linear Regression Equation 3.2. Partial Association and Statistical Control 3.3. Statistical Inference in Multiple Regression 3.4. Statistical and Conceptual Diagrams 3.5. Chapter Summary II. MEDIATION ANALYSIS 4. The Simple Mediation Model 4.1. The Simple Mediation Model 4.2. Estimation of the Direct, Indirect, and Total Effects of X 4.3. Example with Dichotomous X: The Influence of Presumed Media Influence 4.4. Statistical Inference 4.5. An Example with Continuous X: Economic Stress among Small Business Owners 4.6. Chapter Summary 5. Multiple Mediator Models 5.1. The Parallel Multiple Mediator Model 5.2. Example Using the Presumed Media Influence Study 5.3. Statistical Inference 5.4. The Serial Multiple Mediator Model 5.5. Complementarity and Competition among Mediators 5.6. OLS Regression versus Structural Equation Modeling 5.7. Chapter Summary III. MODERATION ANALYSIS 6. Miscellaneous Topics in Mediation Analysis 6.1. What About Baron and Kenny? 6.2. Confounding and Causal Order 6.3. Effect Size 6.4. Multiple Xs or Ys: Analyze Separately or Simultaneously? 6.5. Reporting a Mediation Analysis 6.6. Chapter Summary 7. Fundamentals of Moderation Analysis 7.1. Conditional and Unconditional Effects 7.2. An Example: Sex Discrimination in the Workplace 7.3. Visualizing Moderation 7.4. Probing an Interaction 7.5. Chapter Summary 8. Extending Moderation Analysis Principles 8.1. Moderation Involving a Dichotomous Moderator 8.2. Interaction between Two Quantitative Variables 8.3. Hierarchical versus Simultaneous Variable Entry 8.4. The Equivalence between Moderated Regression Analysis and a 2 x 2 Factorial Analysis of Variance 8.5. Chapter Summary 9. Miscellaneous Topics in Moderation Analysis 9.1. Truths and Myths about Mean Centering 9.2. The Estimation and Interpretation of Standardized Regression Coefficients in a Moderation Analysis 9.3. Artificial Categorization and Subgroups Analysis 9.4. More Than One Moderator 9.5. Reporting a Moderation Analysis 9.6. Chapter Summary IV. CONDITIONAL PROCESS ANALYSIS 10. Conditional Process Analysis 10.1. Examples of Conditional Process Models in the Literature 10.2. Conditional Direct and Indirect Effects 10.3. Example: Hiding Your Feelings from Your Work Team 10.4. Statistical Inference 10.5. Conditional Process Analysis in PROCESS 10.6. Chapter Summary 11. Further Examples of Conditional Process Analysis 11.1. Revisiting the Sexual Discrimination Study 11.2. Moderation of the Direct and Indirect Effects in a Conditional Process Model 11.3. Visualizing the Direct and Indirect Effects 11.4. Mediated Moderation 11.5. Chapter Summary 12. Miscellaneous Topics in Conditional Process Analysis 12.1. A Strategy for Approaching Your Analysis 12.2. Can a Variable Simultaneously Mediate and Moderate Another Variable's Effect? 12.3. Comparing Conditional Indirect Effects and a Formal Test of Moderated Mediation 12.4. The Pitfalls of Subgroups Analysis 12.5. Writing about Conditional Process Modeling 12.6. Chapter Summary Appendix A. Using PROCESS Appendix B. Monte Carlo Confidence Intervals in SPSS and SAS
26,144 citations
"Broadcasting one world: How watchin..." refers methods in this paper
...To test the hypothesized mediation, we conducted a mediation analysis using the PROCESS macro (Hayes, 2013)....
[...]
TL;DR: The extended contact hypothesis as mentioned in this paper proposes that knowledge that an in-group member has a close relationship with an outgroup member can lead to more positive intergroup attitudes, and four methodologically diverse studies to demonstrate the phenomenon.
Abstract: The extended contact hypothesis proposes that knowledge that an in-group member has a close relationship with an out-group member can lead to more positive intergroup attitudes. Proposed mechanisms are the in-group or out-group member serving as positive exemplars and the inclusion of the out-group member's group membership in the self. In Studies I and 2, respondents knowing an in-group member with an out-group friend had less negative attitudes toward that out-group, even controlling for disposition.il variables and direct out-group friendships. Study 3, with constructed intergroup-conflict situations (on the robbers cave model). found reduced negative out-group attitudes after participants learned of cross-group friendships. Study 4, a minimal group experiment, showed less negative out-group attitudes for participants observing an apparent in-group-out-group friendship. The intergroup contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954; Williams, 1947) proposes that under a given set of circumstances contact between members of different groups reduces existing negative intergroup attitudes. Some recent research (reviewed below) suggests that the effect may be most clearly associated with the specific contact of a friendship relationship. The extended contact hypothesis, which we introduce here, proposes that knowledge that an in-group member has a close relationship with an out-group member can lead to more positive intergroup attitudes. This article presents the rationale for the extended contact effect, including three mechanisms by which it may operate, and four methodologically diverse studies to demonstrate the phenomenon.
1,251 citations
"Broadcasting one world: How watchin..." refers background in this paper
...As it is often not possible to establish contact with outgroup members, research has analyzed the potential effectiveness of an extended contact hypothesis—knowing that an ingroup member has outgroup friends (Wright et al., 1997)....
[...]
TL;DR: The Spiritual Transcendence Scale as mentioned in this paper is a measure designed to capture aspects of the individual that are independent of the qualities contained in the Five-Factor Model of Personality (FFM).
Abstract: This study reports on the development of the Spiritual Transcendence Scale, a measure designed to capture aspects of the individual that are independent of the qualities contained in the Five-Factor Model of Personality (FFM). Using two separate samples of undergraduate students including both self-report (Ns = 379 and 356) and observer data (N = 279), it was shown that Spiritual Transcendence: (a) was independent of measures of the FFM; (b) evidenced good cross-observer convergence; and (c) predicted a wide range of psychologically salient outcomes, even after controlling for the predictive effects of personality. Given the long theoretical pedigree of Transcendence in the psychological literature, it was argued that Spiritual Transcendence represents a broad-based motivational domain of comparable breadth to those constructs contained in the FFM and ought to be considered a potential sixth major dimension of personality.
935 citations
"Broadcasting one world: How watchin..." refers methods in this paper
...Universal orientation was assessed using items from Piedmont (1999) and Phillips and Ziller (1997)....
[...]
TL;DR: The results of studies using recall, video induction, event-contingent diary, and letter-writing methods to induce other-praising emotions suggest that elevation motivates prosocial and affiliative behavior, gratitude motivates improved relationships with benefactors, and admiration motivates self-improvement.
Abstract: People are often profoundly moved by the virtue or skill of others, yet psychology has little to say about the ‘other-praising’ family of emotions. Here we demonstrate that emotions such as elevation, gratitude, and admiration differ from more commonly studied forms of positive affect (joy and amusement) in many ways, and from each other in a few ways. The results of studies using recall, video induction, event-contingent diary, and letter-writing methods to induce other-praising emotions suggest that: elevation (a response to moral excellence) motivates prosocial and affiliative behavior, gratitude motivates improved relationships with benefactors, and admiration motivates self-improvement. Mediation analyses highlight the role of conscious emotion between appraisals and motivations. Discussion focuses on implications for emotion research, interpersonal relationships, and morality.
850 citations
"Broadcasting one world: How watchin..." refers background or result in this paper
...People also describe elevation as involving a mixture of different affective states (uplifting and moved) and resulting in an increased motivation to become a better person (Algoe and Haidt, 2009; Freeman et al., 2009; Schnall et al., 2010)....
[...]
...This is consistent with the literature, which states that prosocial orientation is a specific outcome of elevation (Algoe and Haidt, 2009; Freeman et al., 2009; Haidt, 2003; Schnall et al., 2010)....
[...]
...Consistent with Haidt’s argument, several studies have shown that elevation, resulting from observing moral beauty and human virtue, motivated people to engage in prosocial and altruistic acts (Algoe and Haidt, 2009; Freeman et al., 2009; Schnall et al., 2010)....
[...]
TL;DR: Tests of the underlying mechanisms of the Parasocial Contact Hypothesis were generally supported, suggesting that parasocial contact facilitates positive parasocial responses and changes in beliefs about the attributes of minority group categories.
Abstract: We propose a communication analogue to Allport's (1954) Contact Hypothesis called the Parasocial Contact Hypothesis (PCH). If people process mass-mediated parasocial interaction in a manner similar to interpersonal interaction, then the socially beneficial functions of intergroup contact may result from parasocial contact. We describe and test the PCH with respect to majority group members' level of prejudice in three studies, two involving parasocial contact with gay men (Six Feet Under and Queer Eye for the Straight Guy) and one involving parasocial contact with comedian and male transvestite Eddie Izzard. In all three studies, parasocial contact was associated with lower levels of prejudice. Moreover, tests of the underlying mechanisms of PCH were generally supported, suggesting that parasocial contact facilitates positive parasocial responses and changes in beliefs about the attributes of minority group categories.
600 citations
"Broadcasting one world: How watchin..." refers background in this paper
...Likewise, the parasocial contact hypothesis has been proposed and substantiated (Schiappa et al., 2005), showing that cognitive and affective responses following exposure to media characters equal those achieved by direct contact....
[...]
...…demonstrating the power of fictional narratives to reduce stereotypic attitudes (Vezzali et al., 2012, 2014), we propose an alternative to the parasocial contact hypothesis which has been suggested as underlying mechanism when changing stereotypical attitudes via narratives (Schiappa et al., 2005)....
[...]