Brugia tupaiae spn. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in tree shrews (Tupaia glis) from Malaysia.
TL;DR: A new species of Brugia tupaiae is described from the lymphatic system of a Malaysian tree shrew (Tupaia glis) and is small and slender and has small copulatory spicules.
Abstract: Brugia tupaiae sp. n. from the lymphatic system of a Malaysian tree shrew (Tupaia glis) is described. This is the third species of Brugia reported from Malayan mammals and the first described from tupaioids. As compared with other species of Brugia, B. tupaiae is small and slender and has small copulatory spicules. The tail of the microfilaria lacks the constriction between the subterminal and terminal nuclei. Tree shrews are found in the forest areas of India, southeast Asia, and the Philippines. Although microfilariae, including sheathed forms, have been observed in these primitive primates, species of Brugia have not been reported (Laing et al., 1960; Dunn and Ramachandran, 1962; Ann. Rept. Inst. Med. Res. Fed. Malaya, 1964; Dunn, 1964). Recently 41 tree shrews collected in Malaya and identified as Tupaia glis were examined for blood parasites. In six of the animals sheathed microfilariae morphologically similar to those of Brugia pahangi and B. malayi were found. At necropsy of one with a moderate microfilaremia, six adult worms (three males, three females) of an undescribed species of Brugia were recovered from the lymphatic and associated tissues. The species description which follows is based on these six specimens.
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TL;DR: The correlation between peak peripheral microfilaraemia and peak biting time suggests that filarial nematodes have adapted theirperiodicity patterns to vector periodicity patterns for facilitating their transmission by mosquitoes.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Filarial nematodes are arthropod-borne parasites, which sometimes cause serious disease in man and animals. The most important filarial worms of man are Onchocerca volvulus, the cause of river-blindness and severe skin disease, and Wuchereria bancrofti, the cause of tropical elephantiasis and hydrocoel. Another serious pathogen of man is Brugia malayi (B. malayi), and its distribution is limited to Asia. There are two well-defined strains of B. malayi, which differ in their microfilarial periodicity patterns. The nocturnally subperiodic strain is found in the dense swamp forest where its mosquito vectors prefer to feed at night but also bite during the day. The nocturnally periodic strain of B. malayi is found in the open plains where the vectors feed only at night. The correlation between peak peripheral microfilaraemia and peak biting time suggests that filarial nematodes have adapted their periodicity patterns to vector periodicity patterns for facilitating their transmission by mosquitoes. Nocturnally subperiodic B. malayi is common in wild monkeys, and this led to the assumption that it is zoonotic. Mansonia mosquitoes, the vectors of subperiodic B. malayi, feed on a variety of animal hosts, including man. The chapter presents the vector-parasite and definitive host–parasite relationships.
114 citations
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: This work has shown that parasitism in nonhuman primate colonies is exacerbated by the stress of capture and confinement, and can create opportunities for secondary infections that may be fatal.
Abstract: Most people who have had more than cursory experience in the husbandry of nonhuman primate colonies will agree that parasitism is one of the most common disease entities that affects these animals. Numerous protozoal and metazoal genera have been described as infecting the members of all major nonhuman primate groups. Many of these are considered to be nonpathogenic, or at least their detrimental effects upon the host have yet to be eludicated. A large number, however, can produce lesions that result in serious debilitation and can create opportunities for secondary infections that may be fatal. This process appears to be exacerbated by the stress of capture and confinement.
46 citations
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: The histomorphologic features of protozoan and metazoan parasitic infections of nonhuman primates were discussed in this article, and several diseases caused by protozooan parasites such as flagellates, sarcodines, Apicomplexa, microsporidia, ciliates, and Pneumocystis were discussed.
Abstract: Publisher Summary
This chapter discusses the histomorphologic features of protozoan and metazoan parasitic infections of nonhuman primates. It also discusses several diseases caused by protozoan parasites such as flagellates, sarcodines, Apicomplexa, microsporidia, ciliates, and Pneumocystis. Several diseases caused by metazoan parasites such as nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, acanthocephalans, annelids, arthropods, arachnids, and pentastomids are also presented in the chapter. Infection with most of the common enteric coccidian parasites is considered essentially innocuous. There are no known lesions or diseases associated with their presence in the nonhuman primate gastrointestinal tract. Balantidium coli is the only species that has been associated with lesions of the intestinal tract. There is a relative paucity of information regarding the extent of flea infestation in nonhuman primates. The available reports concern fleas that, for the most part, are natural parasites of animals other than nonhuman primates. The parasites that cause pentastomiasis are considered to be highly aberrant arthropods. Four genera of pentastomids described in the chapter are Linguatula, Porocephalus, Armitlifer, and Gigliolella.
40 citations
TL;DR: A species of Brugia, probably B. ceylonensis, was recovered from the conjunctiva of a patient in Sri Lanka for the first time, and is clearly zoonotic, acquired from a dog.
Abstract: A species of Brugia, probably B. ceylonensis, was recovered from the conjunctiva of a patient in Sri Lanka for the first time. This infection represents only the second record of Brugia in the human conjunctiva, and is clearly zoonotic, acquired from a dog. Brugia ceylonensis has a distinct head bulb like that of Wuchereria bancrofti and B. malayi. However, the parasite recovered was not W. bancrofti, as specific IFAT and DNA probes gave negative results, and B. malayi is believed to have been eradicated from Sri Lanka several years ago. The presence of a distinct head bulb excludes the possibility that the parasite was B. buckleyi.
13 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The data suggest that the tupaioids and lorisoids of this region probably do not harbor malaria parasites and need not be considered in the study of malaria as a zoonosis, and several species of primate plasmodia probably remain to be recognized.
Abstract: Blood film examination records for 450 Southeast Asian primitive primates (prosimians) are summarized and discussed. These data suggest that the tupaioids and lorisoids of this region probably do not harbor malaria parasites and need not be considered in the study of malaria as a zoonosis. On present evidence it appears that the lemurs of Madagascar are the only prosimians harboring malaria parasites. Several trypanosomes and filariids of Malaysian prosimians are briefly noted. It is now recognized that malaria caused by certain species of plasmodia of nonhuman primates probably must be classified as a zoonosis (Contacos and Coatney, 1963). The definitive link-mosquito transmission from infected monkey to man in nature-has not yet been demonstrated, but much evidence has accumulated to suggest that natural transmission to man may occur in certain places, although probably rarely (Wharton and Warren, 1963). One of the present problems in primate malaria research is the inadequacy of our knowledge of the number of species of plasmodia present in these hosts, the host distribution of these parasites, their geographic distribution, and their prevalence in each host species in nature. Several species of primate plasmodia probably remain to be recognized. In 3 years of intensive study in Malaya, Eyles and his colleagues uncovered three previously undescribed species (Eyles, 1963). Others may yet be recognized, in southern Asia and elsewhere, and it is certain that such little-known species as Plasmodium Received for publication 13 December 1963. * This study was supported in part by Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2291 from the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, with sponsorship by the Commission on Parasitic Diseases, U. S. Armed Forces Epidemiological Board; in part by U. S. Public Health Service Grant GM-11329-03 from the ICMRT Program, Office of International Research, National Institutes of Health. t Current address: Medical Zoology Laboratory, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. simium da Fonseca, 1951 and P. hylobati Rodhain, 1941 must be more fully characterized than they have been in the past. In this paper data resulting from blood film examinations between 1954 and 1963 of 450 Southeast Asian primitive primates (prosimians) are reviewed and discussed. METHODS AND FINDINGS The data presented in Table I have been compiled from several sources. Negative records for 19 Tupaia belangeri of Loei Province, Thailand were reported by Coatney et al. (1960). I have recorded negative findings elsewhere for 14 Tupaia glis collected on Pulau Tioman, an island off the coast of Pahang State, Malaya (Dunn, 1964). There do not appear to be other published records for blood film findings in Southeast Asian prosimians. The records in Table I for 50 Tupaia glis and 48 Nycticebus coucang from the vicinity of Kuantan, Pahang State, examined between 19551961, were extracted from the files of the Malaria and Filariasis Division of the Institute for Medical Research with the assistance of Mr. Yap Loy Fong. Records for tree shrews and lorises collected in Selangor State, Malaya between 1954-1961 were also obtained from these files. I am indebted to Prof. A. A. Sandosham, Senior Malaria and Filariasis Research Officer, for permission to summarize these records. Other data, including all for North Borneo, for 39 tree shrews and lorises collected in Selangor in 1962-1963, and for other Malayan localities in 1962-1963, are from the writer's records. All Malayan and Bornean records are based on thorough examination of two thick and two thin blood films by one of several experienced laboratory assistants.
8 citations
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58 citations
TL;DR: Ideally, nematodes should die in an extended position when placed in water or cold-fixing fluids such as alcohol or formalin, but hot alcohol is rarely available during field work, and a simple alternative method is likely to be desired by other workers.
Abstract: MANY parasitic nematodes have a tendency to coil considerably when placed in water or cold-fixing fluids such as alcohol or formalin. Ideally, in order to facilitate the subsequent microscopic examination, nematodes should die in an extended position. This is best achieved by the use of 70 per cent alcohol or Looss' fluid (9 parts 70 per cent alcohol and 1 part glycerol), near boiling temperature, in which nematodes uncoil and become fixed rapidly. However, hot alcohol is rarely available during field work, and a simple alternative method for killing and fixing nematodes in an extended position is likely to be desired by other workers.
19 citations
TL;DR: A new species of filaria, Brugia guyanensis, is described from the lymphatic system of the coatimundi (Nasua nasua vittata) in the Rupununi District of British Guiana, constituting a new host, host family, and geographic locality for the genus Brugi.
Abstract: A new species of filaria, Brugia guyanensis, is described from the lymphatic system of the coatimundi (Nasua nasua vittata) in the Rupununi District of British Guiana. This finding constitutes a new host, host family, and geographic locality for the genus Brugia. As compared with other Brugia species, B. guyanensis is relatively small, its left spicule long and hooked at the tip. In November 1962, a microfilaria of the Brugia type was found in a coatimundi (Nasua nasua vittata) from the Rupununi District of British Guiana. Subsequently, adult worms belonging to the genus Brugia were recovered from the lymphatic system of a coatimundi from the same area (Orihel, 1963). To date, 19 of these animals, including some very young ones 4 to 6 months old, have been examined for filarial infections, and in 17 of them the Brugia parasite was found; adult worms were recovered from the lymphatic system of nine. Although the genus Brugia is widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere, principally in Southeast Asia, and occurs in a wide range of hosts (Buckley, 1960; Laing, Edeson, and Wharton, 1960), it has not previously been reported from the Western Hemisphere, nor has it been reported in mammals of the family Procyonidae. The specific name selected for the new species is derived from the geographical area in which the parasite was first found. Brugia guyanensis sp. n.
12 citations
TL;DR: Sandosham et al. as mentioned in this paper reviewed and discussed the results of blood-film examinations for 450 Southeast Asian primitive primates (prosimians) and concluded that the tupaioids and lorisoids of this region probably do not harbor malaria parasites and need not be considered in the study of malaria as a zoonosis.
Abstract: Blood film examination records for 450 Southeast Asian primitive primates (prosimians) are summarized and discussed. These data suggest that the tupaioids and lorisoids of this region probably do not harbor malaria parasites and need not be considered in the study of malaria as a zoonosis. On present evidence it appears that the lemurs of Madagascar are the only prosimians harboring malaria parasites. Several trypanosomes and filariids of Malaysian prosimians are briefly noted. It is now recognized that malaria caused by certain species of plasmodia of nonhuman primates probably must be classified as a zoonosis (Contacos and Coatney, 1963). The definitive link-mosquito transmission from infected monkey to man in nature-has not yet been demonstrated, but much evidence has accumulated to suggest that natural transmission to man may occur in certain places, although probably rarely (Wharton and Warren, 1963). One of the present problems in primate malaria research is the inadequacy of our knowledge of the number of species of plasmodia present in these hosts, the host distribution of these parasites, their geographic distribution, and their prevalence in each host species in nature. Several species of primate plasmodia probably remain to be recognized. In 3 years of intensive study in Malaya, Eyles and his colleagues uncovered three previously undescribed species (Eyles, 1963). Others may yet be recognized, in southern Asia and elsewhere, and it is certain that such little-known species as Plasmodium Received for publication 13 December 1963. * This study was supported in part by Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2291 from the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, with sponsorship by the Commission on Parasitic Diseases, U. S. Armed Forces Epidemiological Board; in part by U. S. Public Health Service Grant GM-11329-03 from the ICMRT Program, Office of International Research, National Institutes of Health. t Current address: Medical Zoology Laboratory, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. simium da Fonseca, 1951 and P. hylobati Rodhain, 1941 must be more fully characterized than they have been in the past. In this paper data resulting from blood film examinations between 1954 and 1963 of 450 Southeast Asian primitive primates (prosimians) are reviewed and discussed. METHODS AND FINDINGS The data presented in Table I have been compiled from several sources. Negative records for 19 Tupaia belangeri of Loei Province, Thailand were reported by Coatney et al. (1960). I have recorded negative findings elsewhere for 14 Tupaia glis collected on Pulau Tioman, an island off the coast of Pahang State, Malaya (Dunn, 1964). There do not appear to be other published records for blood film findings in Southeast Asian prosimians. The records in Table I for 50 Tupaia glis and 48 Nycticebus coucang from the vicinity of Kuantan, Pahang State, examined between 19551961, were extracted from the files of the Malaria and Filariasis Division of the Institute for Medical Research with the assistance of Mr. Yap Loy Fong. Records for tree shrews and lorises collected in Selangor State, Malaya between 1954-1961 were also obtained from these files. I am indebted to Prof. A. A. Sandosham, Senior Malaria and Filariasis Research Officer, for permission to summarize these records. Other data, including all for North Borneo, for 39 tree shrews and lorises collected in Selangor in 1962-1963, and for other Malayan localities in 1962-1963, are from the writer's records. All Malayan and Bornean records are based on thorough examination of two thick and two thin blood films by one of several experienced laboratory assistants.
8 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The data suggest that the tupaioids and lorisoids of this region probably do not harbor malaria parasites and need not be considered in the study of malaria as a zoonosis, and several species of primate plasmodia probably remain to be recognized.
Abstract: Blood film examination records for 450 Southeast Asian primitive primates (prosimians) are summarized and discussed. These data suggest that the tupaioids and lorisoids of this region probably do not harbor malaria parasites and need not be considered in the study of malaria as a zoonosis. On present evidence it appears that the lemurs of Madagascar are the only prosimians harboring malaria parasites. Several trypanosomes and filariids of Malaysian prosimians are briefly noted. It is now recognized that malaria caused by certain species of plasmodia of nonhuman primates probably must be classified as a zoonosis (Contacos and Coatney, 1963). The definitive link-mosquito transmission from infected monkey to man in nature-has not yet been demonstrated, but much evidence has accumulated to suggest that natural transmission to man may occur in certain places, although probably rarely (Wharton and Warren, 1963). One of the present problems in primate malaria research is the inadequacy of our knowledge of the number of species of plasmodia present in these hosts, the host distribution of these parasites, their geographic distribution, and their prevalence in each host species in nature. Several species of primate plasmodia probably remain to be recognized. In 3 years of intensive study in Malaya, Eyles and his colleagues uncovered three previously undescribed species (Eyles, 1963). Others may yet be recognized, in southern Asia and elsewhere, and it is certain that such little-known species as Plasmodium Received for publication 13 December 1963. * This study was supported in part by Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2291 from the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, with sponsorship by the Commission on Parasitic Diseases, U. S. Armed Forces Epidemiological Board; in part by U. S. Public Health Service Grant GM-11329-03 from the ICMRT Program, Office of International Research, National Institutes of Health. t Current address: Medical Zoology Laboratory, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. simium da Fonseca, 1951 and P. hylobati Rodhain, 1941 must be more fully characterized than they have been in the past. In this paper data resulting from blood film examinations between 1954 and 1963 of 450 Southeast Asian primitive primates (prosimians) are reviewed and discussed. METHODS AND FINDINGS The data presented in Table I have been compiled from several sources. Negative records for 19 Tupaia belangeri of Loei Province, Thailand were reported by Coatney et al. (1960). I have recorded negative findings elsewhere for 14 Tupaia glis collected on Pulau Tioman, an island off the coast of Pahang State, Malaya (Dunn, 1964). There do not appear to be other published records for blood film findings in Southeast Asian prosimians. The records in Table I for 50 Tupaia glis and 48 Nycticebus coucang from the vicinity of Kuantan, Pahang State, examined between 19551961, were extracted from the files of the Malaria and Filariasis Division of the Institute for Medical Research with the assistance of Mr. Yap Loy Fong. Records for tree shrews and lorises collected in Selangor State, Malaya between 1954-1961 were also obtained from these files. I am indebted to Prof. A. A. Sandosham, Senior Malaria and Filariasis Research Officer, for permission to summarize these records. Other data, including all for North Borneo, for 39 tree shrews and lorises collected in Selangor in 1962-1963, and for other Malayan localities in 1962-1963, are from the writer's records. All Malayan and Bornean records are based on thorough examination of two thick and two thin blood films by one of several experienced laboratory assistants.
8 citations