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Journal ArticleDOI

Buprenorphine Field Initiation of ReScue Treatment by Emergency Medical Services (Bupe FIRST EMS): A Case Series.

04 Mar 2021-Prehospital Emergency Care (Informa UK Limited)-Vol. 25, Iss: 2, pp 289-293
TL;DR: A case series is presented to illustrate a new treatment paradigm utilizing front line EMS paramedic units and high dose buprenorphine to treat withdrawal symptoms with next day bridge to long term care.
About: This article is published in Prehospital Emergency Care.The article was published on 2021-03-04. It has received 22 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Buprenorphine & Opioid use disorder.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
27 Apr 2020
TL;DR: Nine key barriers that prevent access to evidence-based care, including stigma; inadequate clinical training; a dearth of addiction specialists; lack of integration of MOUD provision in practice; regulatory, statutory, and data sharing restrictions; and financial barriers are included.
Abstract: | Even though evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders (OUD) is eff ective, almost four in fi ve Americans with OUD do not receive any form of treatment. The gap in access to evidencebased care, including treatment with medications for OUD, stems in part from barriers to change within the health care system. This paper includes nine key barriers that prevent access to evidence-based care, including stigma; inadequate clinical training; a dearth of addiction specialists; lack of integration of MOUD provision in practice; regulatory, statutory, and data sharing restrictions; and fi nancial barriers. Action from a number of actors is urgently needed to address this crisis.

93 citations


Cites background from "Buprenorphine Field Initiation of R..."

  • ...Novel strategies, such as equipping paramedics to provide buprenorphine in the fi eld after an overdose, are currently being piloted and studied [92]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify reasons for refusal of EMS transport after opioid overdose reversal, identify conditions under which overdose survivors might be more likely to accept these services, and describe solutions proposed by both PWUD and EMS providers to improve post-overdose care.

14 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The U.S. opioid overdoses increased nearly sixfold from 1999 to 2018, and greater than 1% of all emergency medical services (EMS) encounters now involve naloxone administration as discussed by the authors.

12 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A literature review summarizing the evidence for buprenorphine induction in the ED including best practices for dosing, follow-up care, and reducing implementation barriers finds uncertainty persists in how to best identify patients needing treatment, how to initiate bupenorphine, and how to enhance follow- up after ED-initiated treatment.
Abstract: ED-initiated addiction treatment holds promise for enhancing access to treatment for those with opioid use disorder (OUD). We present a literature review summarizing the evidence for buprenorphine induction in the ED including best practices for dosing, follow-up care, and reducing implementation barriers. A literature search of Pubmed, PsychInfo, and Embase identified articles studying OUD treatment in the ED published after 1980. Twenty-five studies were identified including eleven scientific abstracts. Multiple studies suggest that buprenorphine induction improves engagement in substance treatment up to 30 days after ED treatment. Many different induction protocols were presented, but no particular approach was best supported as criteria for induction and initial dosing vary widely. Similarly, transition of care models focused on either a "hub and spoke" model or "warm hand-offs" model, but no studies compared these approaches. Common barriers to implementing induction programs were provider inexperience, discomfort with addiction treatment, and limited time during the ED visit. No studies described the number of EDs offering induction. While ED buprenorphine induction is safe and enhances adherence to addiction treatment, uncertainty persists in how to best identify patients needing treatment, how to initiate buprenorphine, and how to enhance follow-up after ED-initiated treatment.

10 citations


Cites background from "Buprenorphine Field Initiation of R..."

  • ...When giving patients naloxone upon discharge is done in the context of a take-home-Naloxone program the number of opioidbased overdoses is significantly reduced.(35) This harm reduction intervention may be life-saving not only for the patient at risk of opioid overdose but also for acquaintances of the patient—in one survey study, 53% of ED patients with OUD had witnessed another person overdosing....

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  • ...Some interventions to ameliorate these barriers have been described: one program trained first responders to administer buprenorphine in the community.(35) Table 4 summarizes barriers to implementation of ED-based buprenorphine induction....

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  • ...This novel two-step induction suggests that immediate administration of buprenorphine after naloxone is a safe and of value for emergency medical service clinicians.(35) In summary, an initial dose of 4 mg appears to be welltolerated and effective for starting patients on buprenorphine therapy for OUD; an additional 4–8 mg may be administered if the patient continues to experience withdrawal symptoms...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , an evidence-based update of the epidemiology, prevention strategies, and management of buprenorphine precipitated opioid withdrawal (BPOW) for the emergency clinician is provided.
Abstract: Buprenorphine precipitated opioid withdrawal (BPOW) is an uncommon complication of buprenorphine initiation in the emergency department (ED), but it can produce significant discomfort and be distressing to patients. As EDs continue to care for those with opioid use disorder (OUD), clinicians should be aware of how to prevent and treat BPOW.This narrative review provides an evidence-based update of the epidemiology, prevention strategies, and management of BPOW for the emergency clinician.BPOW is a rapid worsening of opioid withdrawal symptoms upon initiating buprenorphine. BPOW can be prevented by waiting for the onset of moderate Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS) > 13 opioid withdrawal symptoms and a sufficient amount of time since last full opioid agonist use before buprenorphine administration. Risk factors for BPOW include chronic fentanyl use, methadone use, and concurrent benzodiazepine use. Alternative dosing strategies such as low-dose or "microdosing" and high-dose or "macrodosing" are options for buprenorphine that may impact the development of BPOW. The strategy of treating BPOW with more buprenorphine has a pharmacological basis and has been effective in case reports. Additional management is symptom-based and supportive. Although most cases have a benign course, patients may be significantly less likely to use buprenorphine for OUD in the future or seek care for substance use disorder.Appropriate initiation of buprenorphine is important to prevent BPOW. Dosing buprenorphine should be based on the patient's patterns of opioid use and response to therapy. Management of BPOW should be symptom-based but include additional buprenorphine and adjunctive medications.

7 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
28 Apr 2015-JAMA
TL;DR: Among opioid-dependent patients, ED-initiated buprenorphine treatment vs brief intervention and referral significantly increased engagement in addiction treatment, reduced self-reported illicit opioid use, and decreased use of inpatient addiction treatment services but did not significantly decrease the rates of urine samples that tested positive for opioids or of HIV risk.
Abstract: RESULTS Seventy-eight percent of patients in the buprenorphine group (89 of 114 [95% CI, 70%-85%]) vs 37% in the referral group (38 of 102 [95% CI, 28%-47%]) and 45% in the brief intervention group (50 of 111 [95% CI, 36%-54%]) were engaged in addiction treatment on the 30th day after randomization (P < .001). The buprenorphine group reduced the number of days of illicit opioid use per week from 5.4 days (95% CI, 5.1-5.7) to 0.9 days (95% CI, 0.5-1.3) vs a reduction from 5.4 days (95% CI, 5.1-5.7) to 2.3 days (95% CI, 1.7-3.0) in the referral group and from 5.6 days (95% CI, 5.3-5.9) to 2.4 days (95% CI, 1.8-3.0) in the brief intervention group (P < .001 for both time and intervention effects; P = .02 for the interaction effect). The rates of urine samples that tested negative for opioids did not differ statistically across groups, with 53.8% (95% CI, 42%-65%) in the referral group, 42.9% (95% CI, 31%-55%) in the brief intervention group, and 57.6% (95% CI, 47%-68%) in the buprenorphine group (P = .17). There were no statistically significant differences in HIV risk across groups (P = .66). Eleven percent of patients in the buprenorphine group (95% CI, 6%-19%) used inpatient addiction treatment services, whereas 37% in the referral group (95% CI, 27%-48%) and 35% in the brief intervention group (95% CI, 25%-37%) used inpatient addiction treatment services (P < .001).

613 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine MOUD as a monthly time-varying exposure variable to predict time to all-cause and opioid-related mortality.
Abstract: Background Opioid overdose survivors have an increased risk for death. Whether use of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) after overdose is associated with mortality is not known. Objective To identify MOUD use after opioid overdose and its association with all-cause and opioid-related mortality. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting 7 individually linked data sets from Massachusetts government agencies. Participants 17 568 Massachusetts adults without cancer who survived an opioid overdose between 2012 and 2014. Measurements Three types of MOUD were examined: methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), buprenorphine, and naltrexone. Exposure to MOUD was identified at monthly intervals, and persons were considered exposed through the month after last receipt. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine MOUD as a monthly time-varying exposure variable to predict time to all-cause and opioid-related mortality. Results In the 12 months after a nonfatal overdose, 2040 persons (11%) enrolled in MMT for a median of 5 months (interquartile range, 2 to 9 months), 3022 persons (17%) received buprenorphine for a median of 4 months (interquartile range, 2 to 8 months), and 1099 persons (6%) received naltrexone for a median of 1 month (interquartile range, 1 to 2 months). Among the entire cohort, all-cause mortality was 4.7 deaths (95% CI, 4.4 to 5.0 deaths) per 100 person-years and opioid-related mortality was 2.1 deaths (CI, 1.9 to 2.4 deaths) per 100 person-years. Compared with no MOUD, MMT was associated with decreased all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.47 [CI, 0.32 to 0.71]) and opioid-related mortality (AHR, 0.41 [CI, 0.24 to 0.70]). Buprenorphine was associated with decreased all-cause mortality (AHR, 0.63 [CI, 0.46 to 0.87]) and opioid-related mortality (AHR, 0.62 [CI, 0.41 to 0.92]). No associations between naltrexone and all-cause mortality (AHR, 1.44 [CI, 0.84 to 2.46]) or opioid-related mortality (AHR, 1.42 [CI, 0.73 to 2.79]) were identified. Limitation Few events among naltrexone recipients preclude confident conclusions. Conclusion A minority of opioid overdose survivors received MOUD. Buprenorphine and MMT were associated with reduced all-cause and opioid-related mortality. Primary funding source National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health.

598 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Feb 2020
TL;DR: Treatment with buprenorphine or methadone was associated with reductions in overdose and serious opioid-related acute care use compared with other treatments, and strategies to address the underuse of MOUD are needed.
Abstract: Importance Although clinical trials demonstrate the superior effectiveness of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) compared with nonpharmacologic treatment, national data on the comparative effectiveness of real-world treatment pathways are lacking. Objective To examine associations between opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment pathways and overdose and opioid-related acute care use as proxies for OUD recurrence. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective comparative effectiveness research study assessed deidentified claims from the OptumLabs Data Warehouse from individuals aged 16 years or older with OUD and commercial or Medicare Advantage coverage. Opioid use disorder was identified based on 1 or more inpatient or 2 or more outpatient claims for OUD diagnosis codes within 3 months of each other; 1 or more claims for OUD plus diagnosis codes for opioid-related overdose, injection-related infection, or inpatient detoxification or residential services; or MOUD claims between January 1, 2015, and September 30, 2017. Data analysis was performed from April 1, 2018, to June 30, 2019. Exposures One of 6 mutually exclusive treatment pathways, including (1) no treatment, (2) inpatient detoxification or residential services, (3) intensive behavioral health, (4) buprenorphine or methadone, (5) naltrexone, and (6) nonintensive behavioral health. Main Outcomes and Measures Opioid-related overdose or serious acute care use during 3 and 12 months after initial treatment. Results A total of 40 885 individuals with OUD (mean [SD] age, 47.73 [17.25] years; 22 172 [54.2%] male; 30 332 [74.2%] white) were identified. For OUD treatment, 24 258 (59.3%) received nonintensive behavioral health, 6455 (15.8%) received inpatient detoxification or residential services, 5123 (12.5%) received MOUD treatment with buprenorphine or methadone, 1970 (4.8%) received intensive behavioral health, and 963 (2.4%) received MOUD treatment with naltrexone. During 3-month follow-up, 707 participants (1.7%) experienced an overdose, and 773 (1.9%) had serious opioid-related acute care use. Only treatment with buprenorphine or methadone was associated with a reduced risk of overdose during 3-month (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.24; 95% CI, 0.14-0.41) and 12-month (AHR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.31-0.55) follow-up. Treatment with buprenorphine or methadone was also associated with reduction in serious opioid-related acute care use during 3-month (AHR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.47-0.99) and 12-month (AHR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.58-0.95) follow-up. Conclusions and Relevance Treatment with buprenorphine or methadone was associated with reductions in overdose and serious opioid-related acute care use compared with other treatments. Strategies to address the underuse of MOUD are needed.

428 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: This study sought to determine whether treatment with MOUD, including receipt of MMT, buprenorphine, or naltrexone, was associated with reduced risk for all-cause and opioid-related mortality.
Abstract: Patients who survive an opioid overdose are at increased risk for subsequent nonfatal and fatal events. This study evaluated overdose survivors to determine whether use of medications for opioid us...

272 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Studies characterizing buprenorphine's pharmacodynamic actions, including its safety, abuse liability, withdrawal suppression and withdrawal precipitation capacity, physical dependence potential, cross-tolerance and duration of action as well as a review of the pharmacological profile of bupenorphine/naloxone combinations are reviewed.

199 citations