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But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry
12 Apr 2005-
TL;DR: Travis as mentioned in this paper proposes organizing the criminal justice system around five principles of reentry to encourage change and spur innovation, and argues that the impact of returning prisoners on families and communities has been largely overlooked.
Abstract: As our justice system has embarked upon one of our time's greatest social experiments?responding to crime by expanding prisons?we have forgotten the iron law of imprisonment: they all come back. In 2002, more than 630,000 individuals left federal and state prisons. Thirty years ago, only 150,000 did. In the intense political debate over America's punishment policies, the impact of these returning prisoners on families and communities has been largely overlooked. In But They All Come Back, Jeremy Travis continues his pioneering work on the new realities of punishment in America vis-a-vis public safety, families and children, work, housing, public health, civic identity, and community capacity. Travis proposes organizing the criminal justice system around five principles of reentry to encourage change and spur innovation.
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TL;DR: This paper reviewed gender differences in barriers to employment for ex-offenders with disabilities and found that many of the existing gender-neutral and gender-specific barriers are exacerbated by the presence of a disability or disabilities.
Abstract: -While both male and female ex-offenders face many of the same difficulties while finding employment, some barriers are unique to either males or females, or are more problematic for one gender. The purpose of this article is to review gender differences in barriers to employment for ex-offenders with disabilities. There is little research on disabilities and offending populations - what exists explores the prevalence of mental health, substance abuse, and intellectual or developmental disabilities (James & Glaze, 2006; National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 2010). Further, the body of research that examines barriers to employment specifically for ex-offenders with disabilities is extremely limited. Consequently, this review will explicitly reference ex-offenders with disabilities where possible, but generalizations about this justice-involved population are required. The authors hypothesize that many of the existing gender-neutral and gender-specific barriers to employment are exacerbated by the presence of a disability or disabilities. Disadvantages for ex-offenders are compounded in a fashion that makes finding a job a daunting task.Keywords: employment barriers, gender, ex-offenders, disabilityThe incarceration rate in the United States has fallen in recent years, but the number of individuals impacted by involvement in the criminal justice system is far from trivial. In 2012, 609,800 admissions were made into state and federal prisons, the lowest number since 1999. At the end of the year 2012, the combined US adult correctional systems supervised approximately 6.94 million offenders, down by about 51,000 from the previous year (Glaze & Herberman, 2013). About 650,000 individuals are released from state and Federal prisons back into the community ever year States (Travis, 2005). In addition, 11.6 million people cycle in and out of local jails and detention centers annually (Minton, 2013). Individuals reentering society are faced with a multitude of challenges that make it difficult to adopt a noncriminal lifestyle.One of the major challenges facing newly released prisoners is finding employment. Legal employment reduces the risk of recidivism, providing needed income, but also fostering prosocial values, informal social bonds, a daily routine, and the satisfaction of doing meaningful work (Flower, 2010; Petersilia, 2003; Rose, Michalsen, Wiest & Fabian, 2008). For ex-offenders, however, jobs are often difficult to find and difficult to keep. Ex-offenders face many barriers to employment, due to both their criminal records and their demographic characteristics.The task of locating employment upon prison release is even more problematic for ex-offenders with disabilities. From a legal standpoint, any physical or mental impairment that substantially restricts at least one of an individual's major life activities can qualify as a disability (Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990). Such impairments include clearly visible disabilities such as those requiring the use of a wheelchair, as well as a wide variety of less observable disabilities such as diabetes, learning disorders, and psychological illnesses. Although the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 prohibits employment discrimination based on disability, the general population with disabilities still tend to fare worse in the labor market (Stapleton & Burkhauser, 2003).Further, men and women do not face identical difficulties while seeking employment. Structural as well as individual-level characteristics give male and female offenders some unique challenges in their job searches. The purpose of this article is to review gender differences in barriers to employment for ex-offenders with disabilities. It will begin with a brief description of the offending population, particularly with respect to gender. It will then move to a discussion of gender-neutral and gender-specific employment barriers, followed by recommendations and resources for rehabilitation counselors who work with ex-offenders with disabilities. …
8 citations
Cites background from "But They All Come Back: Facing the ..."
...Description of Offenders Men have always constituted a far greater proportion of the incarcerated population in the United States than women....
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...The incarceration rate in the United States has fallen in recent years, but the number of individuals impacted by involvement in the criminal justice system is far from trivial....
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...Travis (2005) estimated that 18% have Hepatitis C. Mental illness is also overrepresented among incarcerated offender populations....
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...Probation andparole in the United States, 2009....
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...Correctional populations in the United States....
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TL;DR: The authors found that pre-trial detention, at least in the minds of detained defendants, is a form of punishment, and that they experience censure (stigma) and hard treatment during their time in pretrial detention.
Abstract: Pre‐trial detention plays an important, and often contentious, role in the criminal justice process. Legal theorists have gone to great lengths to distinguish between preventive detention and punishment with respect to pre‐trial detention, as it would violate the principle of retribution and the presumption of innocence if yet‐to‐be convicted defendants were subjected to punishment. Nonetheless, the experiences of detainees remains an understudied area. The purpose of this article is not to dispute whether pre‐trial detention is, or can be justified as, a form of punishment, but it is to show that pre‐trial detention, at least in the minds of detained defendants, is punitive. Drawing on interviews with a sample of previously‐detained defendants in Hong Kong, it is found that they experience censure (stigma) and hard treatment during their time in pre‐trial detention. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
8 citations
Cites background from "But They All Come Back: Facing the ..."
...The difficulties of re-entry for ex-prisoners who have been isolated from society are well documented (for example, Chui and Cheng 2013; Petersilia 2003; Travis 2005)....
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TL;DR: This article examined the effects of incarceration on the social and economic well-being of the neighborhoods themselves and their residents, and found that high incarceration rates erode human capital and depress median household incomes, further intensifying incarceration risks and threatening to create conditions where incarceration and economic disadvantage become endogenous features of certain neighborhoods.
Abstract: New research has identified the consequences of high rates of incarceration on neighborhood crime rates, but few studies have looked beyond crime to examine the collateral effects of incarceration on the social and economic well being of the neighborhoods themselves and their residents. We assess two specific indicia of neighborhood economic well-being, household income and human capital, dimensions that are robust predictors of elevated crime, enforcement and incarceration rates. We decompose incarceration effects by neighborhood racial composition and socio-economic conditions to account for structural disadvantages in labor force and access to wealth that flow from persistent patterns of residential segregation. We use panel methods to examine the effects on incarceration on New York City census tracts over an 11 year period from 1985-1996, a period which saw crime rates rise and fall sharply, and when incarceration rates increased and remained high in concentrated areas throughout the city. We examine whether persistently high incarceration rates erode human capital and depress median household incomes, further intensifying incarceration risks and threatening to create conditions where incarceration and economic disadvantage become endogenous features of certain neighborhoods. We find distinct but overlapping effects for prisons and jails, suggesting that these are parallel processes produced by loosely coupled law enforcement priorities. Incarceration effects are greater for household income than human capital, suggesting a complex relationship between persistent poverty, residential segregation, and incarceration that reinforces a classic poverty trap. Household incomes are lower over time in neighborhoods with higher proportions of African American population, even after controlling for the effects of race on incarceration, but we find no similar effects for Hispanic populations. Spatially targeted policies such as microinvestment and housing development may be needed offset the local embeddedness of poverty and disrupt its connections to incarceration and crime, while education policy and transitional labor market networking can strengthen local human capital.
8 citations
01 Jan 2007
8 citations
Cites background from "But They All Come Back: Facing the ..."
...When implemented in San Francisco, the prevalence of chlamydia in young women was decreased by nearly one-half in a neighborhood with a high rate of incarceration at the local jail over the period from 1997 to 2004 ( Barry, 2006 )....
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...The principles and approach described in the community health model are recommended in broader treatises on reentry (Council of State Governments, 2004; Travis, 2005 ), Likewise, it is consistent with other areas of public safety such as community policing, and other principles of reentry support....
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TL;DR: This paper showed that immigrants have lower rates of offending, arrest, and incarceration than the native-born, but they did not examine whether this relationship extends to the criminal justice system in the US.
Abstract: Empirical research shows that immigrants have lower rates of offending, arrest, and incarceration than the native-born. However, previous work has not examined whether this relationship extends to ...
8 citations
Cites background from "But They All Come Back: Facing the ..."
...It is well documented that prisoner reentry is a particularly difficult transition for those returning to society (Petersilia, 2003; Travis, 2005; Visher, Debus, & Yahner, 2008)....
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...Furthermore, in addition to a large number of offenders entering the prison system every year, there is also a large number of inmates returning home (Travis, 2005)....
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