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But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry

12 Apr 2005-
TL;DR: Travis as mentioned in this paper proposes organizing the criminal justice system around five principles of reentry to encourage change and spur innovation, and argues that the impact of returning prisoners on families and communities has been largely overlooked.
Abstract: As our justice system has embarked upon one of our time's greatest social experiments?responding to crime by expanding prisons?we have forgotten the iron law of imprisonment: they all come back. In 2002, more than 630,000 individuals left federal and state prisons. Thirty years ago, only 150,000 did. In the intense political debate over America's punishment policies, the impact of these returning prisoners on families and communities has been largely overlooked. In But They All Come Back, Jeremy Travis continues his pioneering work on the new realities of punishment in America vis-a-vis public safety, families and children, work, housing, public health, civic identity, and community capacity. Travis proposes organizing the criminal justice system around five principles of reentry to encourage change and spur innovation.
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01 Jan 2015

6 citations


Cites background from "But They All Come Back: Facing the ..."

  • ...The problem of prisoner reentry is one of the most pressing challenges in American society (Maruna, Immarigeon, & Lebel, 2004; Travis, 2005)....

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  • ...Many studies focus on the programs and activities at the neighborhood level designed to help offenders with reentry centered on employment, housing, education, and other socio-political factors (Petersillia, 2001, 2003; Travis, 2005)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the ways in which conceptions of race and interact with symbolic violence, discipline and governmentality to produce a responsibilized subject willing to participate in the racialized forms of deference necessary for participation in the secondary labor market.
Abstract: This article seeks to investigate the ways in which conceptions of race and interact with symbolic violence, discipline and governmentality to produce a responsibilized subject willing to participate in the racialized forms of deference necessary for participation in the secondary labor market. It is based on three years of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a Career Development class in an agency that serves formerly incarcerated individuals who are primarily African American males. In order to meet job placement goals, the agency has focused job development efforts on the secondary labor market. The article focuses on the tensions that develop as program staff attempt to prepare class participants to accept these positions.

6 citations


Cites background from "But They All Come Back: Facing the ..."

  • ...Prisoner reentry is the term frequently used in policy circles to refer to the process through which an individual makes the transition from life in the prison to life in the outside community (Mears & Cochran, 2015; p. 15; NIJ, 2018; Travis, 2005; p. xxi)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided estimates of these substance abuse services (treatment, self-help, and psycho education) received by federal offenders before their commitment to the Bureau of Prisons.
Abstract: Surprisingly little is known about the types of substance abuse services offenders receive prior to incarceration and the differences in demographics, criminality and drug involvement between those who received services and those who did not. This study provides estimates of these substance abuse services—treatment, self-help, and psycho education—received by federal offenders before their commitment to the Bureau of Prisons. Estimates indicate that among newly committed offenders, nearly one third (30%) received substance abuse services. Offense category, prior records and histories of violence each predicted service receipt. Also, offenders involved with drugs before incarceration were more likely to have received services as well, but those who used both drugs and alcohol prior to their most recent arrest were much more likely to have received services. Interestingly, gender was only significant when predicting inpatient substance abuse treatment services. Recommendations for training, research, and pr...

6 citations


Cites background from "But They All Come Back: Facing the ..."

  • ...Services research has examined the linkages between criminal justice and community substance abuse services as offenders move through the criminal justice system, which is called reentry (Field, 1998; Travis, 2002)....

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DOI
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: Schneider et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the effect of positive self-affirmation on prosocial behavior and found that the act of affirming one's values may increase positive selfdirected emotions (positive self-regard) which can translate into downstream prosociality.
Abstract: Motivating Prosocial Behavior: The Potential of Positive Self-Directed Emotions Claudia R. Schneider Faced with global challenges, like environmental degradation, poverty, social injustice, and discrimination against marginalized societal groups, it is important to develop strategies that promote concern for the well-being of others and encourage prosocial action. Engaging in prosocial behaviors can contribute to positive social change through reducing discrimination, improving the situation and well-being of those in need, and fostering more sustainable personal lifestyles. One important factor that limits human prosociality is our ‘finite pool of worry’, the fact that humans have only finite resources, physiologically, cognitively, and socially (Linville & Fischer, 1991; Weber, 2006). Effortful and costly prosociality (Dovidio, 1984; Gneezy, Imas, Brown, Nelson, & Norton, 2012; Rand, Greene, & Nowak, 2012; Rand & Nowak, 2013; Simpson & Willer, 2008), especially towards distant and unknown others, stigmatized groups, or the natural environment, may not receive preference in the allocation of resources over self-related goals and the fulfillment of crucial personal needs. One of the most fundamental human needs is establishing and maintaining a positive self-image (Epstein, 1973; Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999; Leary, Tambor, Terdal, & Downs, 1995). This dissertation investigates two strategies for motivating prosocial behavior that leverage this need for a positive self-image and the fact that humans are motivated to fulfill it. Paper I explores anticipated emotions in the context of pro-environmental decision making. It assess the effects of inducing people to consider their future feelings with a certain decision they are about to take. Results show that inducing people to anticipate pride from prosocial action versus guilt from inaction is relatively more effective at instilling pro-environmental motivation. Furthermore, exploratory findings point toward potential reactance to attempts to solicit prosocial behavior by prompting anticipated guilt. Papers II and III explore the potential of a values affirmation intervention to motivate prosocial behavior. Starting from self-affirmation theory (Steele, 1988), paper II hypothesizes that the act of affirming one’s values may increase positive self-directed emotions (‘positive self-regard’) which can translate into downstream prosociality. It proposes a potential explanation for this effect, such that a heightened positive sense of self, stemming from engaging in the affirmation intervention, may reduce worry about the self, thus freeing up cognitive and emotional resources to engage in behaviors directed towards others. Results show that a values affirmation intervention can successfully promote prosocial behavior towards unknown and distant others in the form of volunteering time and donating real money to charity. As hypothesized, positive selfregard mediates the effect of the affirmation intervention on prosociality. Paper III extends the scope of the work to situations in which the beneficiaries of the prosocial action are members of marginalized and stigmatized societal groups, such as exprisoners. It tests the generalizability of the hypothesized affirmation effects in two countries, Nigeria and the United States. Results show that engaging members of the public in a values affirmation intervention can reduce discriminatory tendencies and promote prosociality towards ex-prisoners in both countries under investigation. Implications and recommendations for policy and practice are discussed in each paper. This dissertation is of high theoretical as well as applied relevance and makes important contributions to scholarship and practice. It contributes to the advancement of psychological theory as well as its application potential to help foster social change in an endeavor to address some of the most pressing and challenging social issues nations around the world face.

6 citations


Cites background from "But They All Come Back: Facing the ..."

  • ...Both countries struggle with the reintegration of exprisoners into society upon release from prison (e.g. Durose, Cooper, & Snyder, 2014; Johnson, 2008; Travis, 2005)....

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01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a study on the relationship between faith and recidivism in the criminal justice system and the role of faith in rehabilitation and reintegration of criminal offenders.
Abstract: ...............................................................................................................................i Dedication ............................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviations and Definitions ................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 1 Situation to Self ..................................................................................................................... 3 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................ 3 Purpose Statement ................................................................................................................. 4 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................................... 4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 5 Research Plan ........................................................................................................................ 6 Limitations ............................................................................................................................ 6 Limitations ...................................................................................................................... 7 Delimitations ................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................. 10 Overview............................................................................................................................. 10 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................................... 10 Belief System Theory .................................................................................................... 11 v Self-efficacy Theory ...................................................................................................... 12 The Bible ....................................................................................................................... 15 Related Literature ................................................................................................................ 17 Untenable Methods and the Need for New Approaches ................................................. 17 Community and Para-professional Involvement ............................................................. 19 Faith and Values-Based Approaches .............................................................................. 23 Forgiveness and Reconciliation ..................................................................................... 26 Mentoring ...................................................................................................................... 27 Aftercare and Reentry .................................................................................................... 30 The Evangelical Faith-based Community and Volunteerism .......................................... 36 Engaged or Rejected by the Church ............................................................................... 39 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 45 Overview............................................................................................................................. 45 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 45 Research Questions ............................................................................................................. 47 Setting and Sample Size ...................................................................................................... 48 Participants.......................................................................................................................... 50 Procedures ........................................................................................................................... 50 The Researcher's Role ......................................................................................................... 52 Data Collection ................................................................................................................... 53 Survey Validity ............................................................................................................. 53 vi Face Validity ................................................................................................................. 53 Semistructured Interviews ............................................................................................. 54 Focus Group .................................................................................................................. 56 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 56 Horizontalization. .......................................................................................................... 57 Clusters of Meaning....................................................................................................... 57 Textual Descriptions. ..................................................................................................... 57 Essential, Invariant Structure. ........................................................................................ 58 Trustworthiness ................................................................................................................... 58 Ethical Considerations ......................................................................................................... 59 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 60 CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS ................................................................................................. 61 Overview............................................................................................................................. 61 Restatement of the Purpose.................................................................................................. 61 Mentor Surveys and Interviews ........................................................................................... 62 Findings .............................................................................................................................. 64 Contributions to Offenders’ Recidivism .............................................................................. 65 Theme 1: They all had a Story ....................................................................................... 68 Theme 2: Importance of Family ..................................................................................... 72 Theme 3: Connecting to Society .................................................................................... 76 Theme 4: Christ as our Savior ........................................................................................ 82 Theme 5: Reasons for Change ....................................................................................... 85 vii Theme 6: Engagement or Rejection by the Church......................................................... 89 Theme 7: Connecting to Outreach .................................................................................. 99 Expert Focus Group........................................................................................................... 108 Focus Group Participant Profiles ................................................................................. 108 Focus Group Discussion and Perception ...................................................................... 109 Theme 8: Accountability ............................................................................................. 112 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 113 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 114 Overview........................................................................................................................... 114 Summary of the Findings .................................................................................................. 114 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 117 Implications ...................................................................................................................... 130 Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 133 Rec

6 citations


Cites background from "But They All Come Back: Facing the ..."

  • ...Successful reentry produces benefits for the individual offender, their families, the communities to which they return, and society as a whole (US OJJDP, 2005, p. 24), (Travis, 2005, p. 14)....

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