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But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry

12 Apr 2005-
TL;DR: Travis as mentioned in this paper proposes organizing the criminal justice system around five principles of reentry to encourage change and spur innovation, and argues that the impact of returning prisoners on families and communities has been largely overlooked.
Abstract: As our justice system has embarked upon one of our time's greatest social experiments?responding to crime by expanding prisons?we have forgotten the iron law of imprisonment: they all come back. In 2002, more than 630,000 individuals left federal and state prisons. Thirty years ago, only 150,000 did. In the intense political debate over America's punishment policies, the impact of these returning prisoners on families and communities has been largely overlooked. In But They All Come Back, Jeremy Travis continues his pioneering work on the new realities of punishment in America vis-a-vis public safety, families and children, work, housing, public health, civic identity, and community capacity. Travis proposes organizing the criminal justice system around five principles of reentry to encourage change and spur innovation.
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: By 1975, the long-standing rehabilitative ideal had collapsed, a demise that was sudden and advocated by conservatives and liberals alike, and through the prism of the author's personal involvement in the issue of correctional rehabilitation, what occurred from this time to the present is recounted.
Abstract: By 1975, the long-standing rehabilitative ideal had collapsed, a demise that was sudden and advocated by conservatives and liberals alike. Through the prism of the author's personal involvement in the issue of correctional rehabilitation, what occurred from this time to the present is recounted. This story includes identifying a period of pessimism in which a “nothing works” doctrine was widely embraced and a period of optimism in which knowledge has grown about the effectiveness of offender treatment. Given the current context, eight developments are likely to unfold in coming years: the continued policy appeal of rehabilitation, widening influence of the risk-need-responsivity paradigm, popularity of desistance-based treatment models, use of reentry programs as a conduit for rehabilitation, integration of early intervention with correctional intervention, use of financial incentives to fund effective programs, spread of rehabilitation ceremonies, and growth of specialty courts that target treatm...

107 citations


Cites background from "But They All Come Back: Facing the ..."

  • ...In the past decade, however, a reentry movement has emerged that has illuminated the problem of returning offenders and catalyzed funding and development of hundreds of programs (Petersilia 2003, 2011; Travis 2005; Rhine and Thompson 2011; American Bar Association Criminal Justice Section 2012)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that while in-prison family support does not affect mental health, post-release familial support does, and experiencing an increase in negative familial support is associated with lower post-incarceration mental health.
Abstract: A significant number of prisoners experience mental health problems, and adequate social support is one way that facilitates better mental health. Yet, by being incarcerated, social support, particularly family support, is likely to be strained or even negative. In this study, we examine whether familial support--either positive or negative--in-prison and after release affects mental health outcomes post-release. Using the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) dataset, we regress post-release mental health on in-prison familial support, post-incarceration familial support, and changes in familial support. We find that while in-prison family support does not affect mental health, post-release familial support does. Also, experiencing an increase in negative familial support is associated with lower post-incarceration mental health. We conclude with a discussion of policies which may facilitate better familial support environments.

105 citations


Cites background from "But They All Come Back: Facing the ..."

  • ...Over the past few decades, substantial evidence has found that social support has both causal and collateral effects on a plethora of physical and mental health outcomes, though the psychosocial mechanisms at work are interconnected and complex (Cohen & Wills, 1985; Silver & Teasdale, 2005; Thoits, 1995; Travis, 2005; Uchino, 2004; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1996; Umberson & Montez, 2010)....

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  • ...Furthermore, despite that it is a constitutional right, health care in prison tends to be inadequate (Travis, 2005; Wakefield & Uggen, 2010)....

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  • ...…effects on a plethora of physical and mental health outcomes, though the psychosocial mechanisms at work are interconnected and complex (Cohen & Wills, 1985; Silver & Teasdale, 2005; Thoits, 1995; Travis, 2005; Uchino, 2004; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1996; Umberson & Montez, 2010)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A wide diversity of reentry services fall under the rubric of "reentry services" and only a limited number of rigorous evaluations have been conducted as mentioned in this paper, which suggests that, overall, reentry service reduce recidivism, but program effects are heterogeneous and at times criminogenic.
Abstract: Only in the past decade has prisoner reentry been “discovered” and become a central policy concern in the United States. This is due in part to the sheer number of released inmates (more than 600,000 annually) and in part to a movement that has defined the issue as “reentry.” A growing number of programs have been created in prisons and the community. Implementing them effectively, however, poses substantial challenges. A wide diversity of programs fall under the rubric and only a limited number of rigorous evaluations have been conducted. Research suggests that, overall, reentry services reduce recidivism, but program effects are heterogeneous and at times criminogenic. Effective programs tend to be consistent with the risk-need-responsivity model. A sustained effort to evaluate carefully designed programs rigorously is needed and may require development of a “criminology of reentry.” More needs to be understood about why recidivism rates are high in the first year after reentry, why some offende...

105 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors analyzed whether mass probation developed in the same places, affecting the same demographic groups and driven by the same criminal justice trends, as mass imprisonment and found that mass probation was a unique state development, expanding in unusual places like Minnesota and Washington.
Abstract: Scholarship on the expansion of the U.S. carceral state has primarily focused on imprisonment rates. Yet the majority of adults under formal criminal justice control are on probation, an "alternative" form of supervision. This article develops the concept of mass probation and builds a typology of state control regimes that theorizes both the scale and type of punishment states employ. Drawing on Bureau of Justice Statistics data from 1980 and 2010, I analyze whether mass probation developed in the same places, affecting the same demographic groups and driven by the same criminal justice trends, as mass imprisonment. The results show that mass probation was a unique state development, expanding in unusual places like Minnesota and Washington. The conclusions argue for a reimagining of the causes and consequences of the carceral state to incorporate the expansion of probation.

104 citations