Cadmium toxicity in fishes
TL;DR: Though both species show a definite stress condition on cadmium exposure, the two anatomically different fishes respond differently towards carbohydrate metabolism as observed from liver and muscle glycogen content, liver microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity and serum glucose level.
Abstract: Cadmium from industrial effluents pollutes sea and river water and hence may effect the fish population therein. The present investigation shows that resistivity is greater in case of air-breathing fishes as compared to non air-breathing fishes with regards to their duration of survival and growth when exposed to a cadmium containing environment. Under sub-acute levels of cadmium exposure, they respond differently so far as the activities of their liver, gill and intestinal lysosomal enzymes are concerned. Though both species show a definite stress condition on cadmium exposure, the two anatomically different fishes respond differently towards carbohydrate metabolism as observed from liver and muscle glycogen content, liver microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity and serum glucose level.
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TL;DR: Alterations in the hematological parameters of Tinca tinca were studied after exposure to lead at different concentrations and durations of exposure, attributed to direct or feedback responses of structural damage to RBC membranes resulting in hemolysis and impairment in hemoglobin synthesis, stress related release of RBCs from the spleen and hypoxia, induced by Exposure to lead.
Abstract: Alterations in the hematological parameters of Tinca tinca were studied after exposure to lead at different concentrations and durations of exposure. Dose of 75/24 (ppm/h) did not cause significant change in any blood parameter. The 300/48 dose caused a significant increase in hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and a significant decrease in red blood cell (RBC) count and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The 30/24 dose caused a significant increase in Hct and RBC count only. The 30/96 dose caused a significant increase in Hct and a significant decrease in MCHC only. The 30/504 dose caused a significant decrease in RBC count and a significant increase in MCV and MCH. The 75/96 dose caused a significant increase in Hct and a significant decrease in MCH and MCHC. The 75/504 dose caused a significant decrease in Hct, hemoglobin (Hb) and RBC count, and a significant increase in MCV and MCH. These alterations were attributed to direct or feedback responses of structural damage to RBC membranes resulting in hemolysis and impairment in hemoglobin synthesis, stress related release of RBCs from the spleen and hypoxia, induced by exposure to lead.
69 citations
TL;DR: Most of the metal levels were above US EPA Maximum Contaminant Level MCL indicative of water pollution which may be of public health importance, and the present work recommends water-quality monitoring.
Abstract: Water contamination is a notable environmental problem of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The present work is an improved attempt at a scientific discourse of water-quality issues in the Niger Delta of Nigeria with respect to heavy metal levels in surface water in view of the hitherto dearth of scientific data. We have looked at the Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn (quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry) profiles and some physicochemical properties (pH and salinity) of some surface water used by the local population in the mid Niger Delta. Surface water samples were collected from these surface waters in the dry and rainy seasons. Akiplai wellhead stream and Etebde River had the highest level of iron. In Delta State, high levels of cadmium were found in Ijala creek, Ubeji creek, Jeddo River, and Ekpan River, respectively. High lead levels were seen in Jeddo River, Ekurede–Itsekiri Creek, and Ughelli River. In River State, Tombia River had the highest levels of chromium, lead, and nickel. Ijala creek, Eja-Etan, Ifie-Kporo, Ubeji Creek, Jeddo, Ekpan Rivers, and Ekurede–Itsekiri Creek, all in Delta State, presented highest salinity levels. Orash River, Ughewhe stream, and Egbo stream have a lowest pH of 5.22, 5.32, and 5.53, respectively, while Ifie-Kporo River have a highest pH of 8.18. Most of the metal levels were above US EPA Maximum Contaminant Level MCL indicative of water pollution which may be of public health importance, and we, therefore, recommend water-quality monitoring.
68 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of already accumulated heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb) in the body of tench on the 96-h LC50 values of the respective heavy metals were studied.
Abstract: The effects of already accumulated heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb) in the body of tench on the 96-h LC50 values of the respective heavy metals were studied. The body concentration of mercury, cadmium and lead was 0.011, 0.32 and 1.59 mg/g respectively, and their 96-h LC50 values were 1.0, 6.5 and 300.0, ppm, respectively. The general accumulation order of heavy metals and their respective 96-h LC50 values were Hg< Cd< Pb. It was observed that the fish with lowest body concentration of heavy metal showed the lowest 96-h LC50 value of the respective heavy metal and vice versa. This close relationship showed that the previous body accumulation of heavy metals has a direct effect on the 96-h LC50 values of the respective heavy metals and the susceptibility of fish.
58 citations
Cites background from "Cadmium toxicity in fishes"
...The LC50 values were found (11,12) and the true concentration of each heavy metal was obtained (13)....
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TL;DR: Results showed that mercury had the strongest inhibitory effect on enzymatic activities, while copper, mercury and cadmium ions effectively inhibited the activity of acid phosphatase activity.
31 citations
Cites background from "Cadmium toxicity in fishes"
...The results of the study indicate that heavy metal ions not only distort the motility parameters of spermatozoa [2] but also inhibit the activity of sperm enzymes, thus, consequently, may inhibit their fertilizing capacity....
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...The effect of heavy metals on phosphatases is determined by the type of tissue from which the enzyme is extracted [2]....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: It was concluded that possibly four physiological systems; (i) faulty gaseous exchange at gills, (ii) stress mediated hormonal imbalance, (iii) impaired osmoregulation and (iv) disturbed metabolism were involved in hematological impairments and their reflection in the behaviour of fish.
Abstract: Tench, Tinca tinca, were exposed to three treatments (one acute lethal; 96 hrs Lc 50 /48 hrs and 50 behaviour as an indicator of impaired hematology was studied. It was observed that impairments in hematological parameters (increased/decreased Hct, Hb, RBC, WBC and Lct) were reflected in behaviour of fish in the form of hyperactivity, increased breathing, accelerated ventilation with rapid arrhythmic opercular and mouth movement, frequent surfacing and sinking, erratic swimming, gradual onset of inactivity, lethargy, loss of equilibrium, revolving and convulsion on exposure to heavy metal treatments. It was concluded that possibly four physiological systems; (i) faulty gaseous exchange at gills, (ii) stress mediated hormonal imbalance, (iii) impaired osmoregulation and (iv) disturbed metabolism were involved in hematological impairments and their reflection in the behaviour of fish.
28 citations
Cites background from "Cadmium toxicity in fishes"
...…weakening fish, hormonal imbalance and faulty gaseous exchange at gills (Cearley, 1971; Macleod and Pessah, 1973; Holecombe et al., 1976; Koyama and Tlazawa, 1977; Das and Banerjee, 1980; Ellgaard and Guillot, 1988; Ghattak and Konar, 1990; Veena et al., 1997; Shah, 2002; Shah and Altindag, 2004)....
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References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Procedures are described for measuring protein in solution or after precipitation with acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 gamma of protein.
289,852 citations
TL;DR: Alkalinity measurements are used in the interpretation and control of water and wastewater treatment processes and can be interpreted in terms of specific substances only when the chemical composition of the sample is known.
Abstract: 1. Discussion Alkalinity of a water is its acid-neutralizing capacity. It is the sum of all the titratable bases. The measured value may vary significantly with the end-point pH used. Alkalinity is a measure of an aggregate property of water and can be interpreted in terms of specific substances only when the chemical composition of the sample is known. Alkalinity is significant in many uses and treatments of natural waters and wastewaters. Because the alkalinity of many surface waters is primarily a function of carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide content, it is taken as an indication of the concentration of these constitutents. The measured values also may include contributions from borates, phosphates, silicates, or other bases if these are present. Alkalinity in excess of alkaline earth metal concentrations is significant in determining the suitability of a water for irrigation. Alkalinity measurements are used in the interpretation and control of water and wastewater treatment processes. Raw domestic wastewater has an alkalinity less than, or only slightly greater than, that of the water supply. Properly operating anaerobic digesters typically have supernatant alkalinities in the range of 2000 to 4000 mg calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/L. 1
7,510 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a review on cadmium in the environment has been performed under a contract between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Environmental Hygiene of the Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
Abstract: The focus of this report is upon information essential to the understanding of the toxic action of cadmium and the relationship between dose (exposure) and effects on human beings and animals. The therapy of cadmium poisoning has not been discussed.This review on cadmium in the environment has been performed under a contract between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Environmental Hygiene of the Karolinska Institute, Sweden. The report is intended to serve as a background paper for a future Air Quality Criteria document on cadmium. Therefore, particular attention has been given to information relevant for the evaluation of risks due to long-term exposure to low concentrations of cadmium. Acute effects from short-term exposure to high concentrations are dealt with briefly. In vitro studies without bearing on the main problem have not been dealt with.The report is not limited to effects from exposure via inhalation. Newly accessible information, showing that large populations may be exposed considerably via the oral route, can elucidate chronic effects of cadmium in general. Man and animals can be victims of secondary exposure through vehicles such as food and water which have been contaminated by cadmium in air.
1,641 citations
TL;DR: It has been found possible to establish conditions under which inorganic phosphate can readily be determined in the presence of labile esters.
1,576 citations
TL;DR: A review of the chemical and biochemical effects of mercury, acadmium and lead is presented and the means available to identify their biochemical sites of action are discussed.
Abstract: A review is presented of the chemical and biochemical effects of mercury, acadmium and lead. Similarities and diversities are emphasized and the means available to identify their biochemical sites of action are discussed. Toxic effects and alterations in enzyme activity are described. 551 references.
1,429 citations