Calcination Enhances the Aflatoxin and Zearalenone Binding Efficiency of a Tunisian Clay.
TL;DR: Cal calcination of clay minerals enhanced the adsorption of aflatoxins and mostly of AFG1 and AFG2 at neutral pH of the gastrointestinal tract, and thus are associated with protection against the toxic effects of a flatoxins.
Abstract: Clays are known to have promising adsorbing characteristics, and are used as feed additives to overcome the negative effects of mycotoxicosis in livestock farming. Modification of clay minerals by heat treatment, also called calcination, can alter their adsorption characteristics. Little information, however, is available on the effect of calcination with respect to mycotoxin binding. The purpose of this study was to characterize a Tunisian clay before and after calcination (at 550 °C), and to investigate the effectiveness of the thermal treatment of this clay on its aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), G1 (AFG1), B2 (AFB2), G2 (AFG2), and zearalenone (ZEN) adsorption capacity. Firstly, the purified clay (CP) and calcined clay (CC) were characterized with X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-IR), cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SBET), and point of zero charge (pHPZC) measurements. Secondly, an in vitro model that simulated the pH conditions of the monogastric gastrointestinal tract was used to evaluate the binding efficiency of the tested clays when artificially mixed with aflatoxins and zearalenone. The tested clay consisted mainly of smectite and illite. Purified and calcined clay had similar chemical compositions. After heat treatment, however, some changes in the mineralogical and textural properties were observed. The calcination decreased the cation exchange capacity and the specific surface, whereas the pore size was increased. Both purified and calcined clay had a binding efficacy of over 90% for AFB1 under simulated poultry GI tract conditions. Heat treatment of the clay increased the adsorption of AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 related to the increase in pore size of the clay by the calcination process. ZEN adsorption also increased by calcination, albeit to a more stable level at pH 3 rather than at pH 7. In conclusion, calcination of clay minerals enhanced the adsorption of aflatoxins and mostly of AFG1 and AFG2 at neutral pH of the gastrointestinal tract, and thus are associated with protection against the toxic effects of aflatoxins.
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TL;DR: Improved antioxidant activity of the chicks was associated with growth performance and data suggest that aflatoxin‐binding probiotics are beneficial with multi‐functional effects and can efficiently help reducing aflatoxins in food chain associated with poultry industry.
26 citations
TL;DR: Accrediting to the fast and efficient adsorption performance, green and facile fabrication approach and cost-effectiveness, the newly designed BB pomace can be counted as a promising contender for the sequestration of AFs and other organic pollutants.
Abstract: Blueberry (BB) and cherry pomace were investigated as new biosorbents for aflatoxins (AFs) sequestration from buffered solutions, gastrointestinal fluids and model wine. Among the tested biosorbents, BB exhibited the maximum adsorption performance for AFs and hence was further selected for the optimization of experimental parameters like pH, dosage, time and initial concentration of AFs. Material characterizations via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isothermal studies, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) techniques revealed useful information about the texture and chemical composition of the biosorbents. The fitting of isothermal data with different models showed the model suitability trend as: Sips model > Langmuir model > Freundlich model, where the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Sips model was 4.6, 2.9, 2.7 and 2.4 mg/g for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2, respectively. Kinetics study revealed the fast AFs uptake by BB (50–90 min) while thermodynamics studies suggested the exothermic nature of the AFs adsorption from both, single as well as multi-toxin buffer systems, gastrointestinal fluids and model wine. Accrediting to the fast and efficient adsorption performance, green and facile fabrication approach and cost-effectiveness, the newly designed BB pomace can be counted as a promising contender for the sequestration of AFs and other organic pollutants.
14 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that there is increasing business interest in the use of feed additives to avoid mycotoxin absorption and the toxic impacts on farm animals and the efficacy of the additives for the distinct mycotoxins and livestock is a critical point and must be proved.
Abstract: Mycotoxins represent a risk to the feed supply chain with an impact on animal health, feed industry, economy, and international trade. A high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. Multi-mycotoxin contamination is a topic of great concern, as co-contaminated samples might still exert adverse effects on animals due to additive/synergistic interactions of the mycotoxins. Since mycotoxin contamination cannot be completely prevented preor post-harvest, precise knowledge of mycotoxin occurrence, repartitioning during technological processes and decontamination strategies are critical and may provide a sound technical basis for feed managers to conform to legislation requirements and reduce the risk of severe adverse health, market and trade repercussions. Castaldo et al. [1] developed and validated a quantitative method, using an acetonitrile-based extraction and an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS), for a multi-mycotoxin screening of 28 mycotoxins and identification of other 45 fungal and bacterial metabolites in dry pet food samples. Results showed mycotoxin contamination in 99% of pet food samples and all positive samples showed co-occurrence of mycotoxins with the simultaneous presence of up to 16 analytes per sample. Strategies must be developed for mycotoxin reduction in feedstuffs. Čolović et al. [2] reviewed the most recent findings on different processes and strategies for the reduction of toxicity of mycotoxins in animals giving detailed information about the decontamination approaches to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of feedstuffs and compound feed, which could be implemented in practice. Authors conclude that there is increasing business interest in the use of feed additives to avoid mycotoxin absorption and the toxic impacts on farm animals. The efficacy of the additives for the distinct mycotoxins and livestock is a critical point and must be proved. It is recommended that cell lines or in vitro models be used in the simulation instead of living experimental animals. In this scenario, a group of papers deals with in vitro models for assessing mycotoxin toxicity and risk mitigation strategies. Xu et al. [3] reviewed different in vitro intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) or co-culture models that can be used for assessing mycotoxin exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation. Since ingestion is the most common route of mycotoxin exposure, the intestinal epithelial barrier, comprised of IECs and immune cells such as macrophages, represents ground zero where mycotoxins are absorbed, biotransformed, and elicit toxicity. Several articles investigated the efficacy of feed additives as multi-mycotoxin adsorbent by using in vitro gastro-intestinal models. Adunphatcharaphon et al. [4] characterised and analysed acid-treated durian peel (ATDP), an agricultural waste, for simultaneous adsorption of mycotoxins. Results indicated the potential of ATDP as a multi-mycotoxin biosorbent for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), but negligible towards deoxynivalenol (DON). Kolawole et al. [5] carried out a study to assess the efficacy of commercially available feed additives with multi-mycotoxin-binding claims. Their capacity to simultaneously adsorb
6 citations
Cites background from "Calcination Enhances the Aflatoxin ..."
...[6] characterized a Tunisian clay, before and after calcination, and investigated the effectiveness of the thermal treatment on the adsorption capacity toward AFG1, AFB2, AFG2, and ZEN using an in vitro gastro-intestinal model....
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TL;DR: The outstanding AFs sequestering capability of BTA3 in aqueous solution and simulated poultry gastrointestinal model can be envisioned of great promise for the remediation of AFs and other hazardous pollutants from food and poultry industrial products.
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TL;DR: Novel bio-adsorbents based on abundant and invasive plants such as reeds represent an original and ecological route for the development of innovative biomaterials.
Abstract: Novel bio-adsorbents based on abundant and invasive plants such as reeds represent an original and ecological route for the development of innovative biomaterials. Sustainable, eco-efficient, and f...
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used FTIR techniques to distinguish between different types of clay minerals and to derive information concerning their structure, composition and structural changes upon chemical modification, and the selection of the sampling technique used depended on the purpose of the study and on the physical state of the sample.
1,497 citations
"Calcination Enhances the Aflatoxin ..." refers background in this paper
...The band of deformation near to 873 cm−1 indicates that the clay is octahedral [48], while the band near 910 cm−1 corresponds to an Al-O-H deformation characteristic of dioctahedral smectite [49]....
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TL;DR: Various control strategies to prevent the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi as well as to inhibit mycotoxin biosynthesis including pre-harvest (resistance varieties, field management and the use of biological and chemical agents), harvest management, and post-Harvest (improving of drying and storage conditions, theUse of natural and chemicalagents, and irradiation) applications are reviewed.
Abstract: Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that have been associated with severe toxic effects to vertebrates produced by many important phytopathogenic and food spoilage fungi including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria species. The contamination of foods and animal feeds with mycotoxins is a worldwide problem. We reviewed various control strategies to prevent the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi as well as to inhibit mycotoxin biosynthesis including pre-harvest (resistance varieties, field management and the use of biological and chemical agents), harvest management, and post-harvest (improving of drying and storage conditions, the use of natural and chemical agents, and irradiation) applications. While much work in this area has been performed on the most economically important mycotoxins, aflatoxin B(1) and ochratoxin A much less information is available on other mycotoxins such as trichothecenes, fumonisin B(1), zearalenone, citrinin, and patulin. In addition, physical, chemical, and biological detoxification methods used to prevent exposure to the toxic and carcinogenic effect of mycotoxins are discussed. Finally, dietary strategies, which are one of the most recent approaches to counteract the mycotoxin problem with special emphasis on in vivo and in vitro efficacy of several of binding agents (activated carbons, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, bentonite, zeolites, and lactic acid bacteria) have also been reviewed.
736 citations
683 citations
"Calcination Enhances the Aflatoxin ..." refers methods in this paper
...CEC of clays was conducted using the barium chloride method [78]....
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TL;DR: The most applied method for protecting animals against mycotoxicosis is the utilization of adsorbents mixed with the feed which are supposed to bind the mycotoxins efficiently in the gastro-intestinal tract.
640 citations
"Calcination Enhances the Aflatoxin ..." refers background in this paper
...This could be because of the low polarity of ZEN compared to AFs [19]....
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TL;DR: Any prevention strategy for fungal and mycotoxin contamination must be carried out at an integrative level all along the food production chain.
319 citations
"Calcination Enhances the Aflatoxin ..." refers background in this paper
...In addition, the risk of the contamination of raw clays with metals and dioxins has to be considered [25]....
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