Cancer Cell Metabolism: Solid Tumor Versus Nonsolid Tumor
01 Jan 2020-pp 1-13
TL;DR: A deep understanding of metabolic regulation in cancer cells can pave a novel path for finding specific targets and drugs that can target the cancer cell metabolism.
Abstract: Metabolic regulation is considered to be one of the key hallmarks of cancer. Due to its continuous proliferation and high energy demands, cancer cells undertake increased glucose uptake as proposed by Otto Warburg, resulting in the production of enough amount of energy for their replication and survival. Totally different from the normal cell metabolism, even at aerobic conditions, cancer cells undergo glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation. These glycolytic events in cancer cells elevate the expression of enzymes responsible for glucose metabolism such as hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase-A. In addition, increased glucose metabolism in cancer cells leads to the formation of necessary amino acids, lipids, purines, and pyrimidine via the inter-branching biosynthetic pathways such as pentose phosphate pathway, serine biosynthesis, and glutaminolysis. Although blood cancer cells have the same way of regulating their metabolism for the survival, carbohydrate metabolism relatively is known to have very less role in the metabolic regulation in blood tumors. Lipid metabolism via the STAT-3 pathways plays a crucial role in blood tumor metabolism via oxidative phosphorylation to meet their energy demands. A deep understanding of metabolic regulation in cancer cells can pave a novel path for finding specific targets and drugs that can target the cancer cell metabolism.
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TL;DR: An account of the prevalent phytochemicals with antiviral activities, which would help in the development of promising drug therapy for the treatment of COVID-19 and similar such highly infectious viruses are provided.
Abstract: The present pandemic erupted due to highly contagious coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and lack of any efficient therapy to restrain its infection and treatment, led the scientific community to re-evaluate the efficacy of commonly available phytochemicals as potential therapeutic agents The vast pharmacological activities and medicinal significance of the plant-derived natural products against a diverse range of physiological disorders and diseases are well documented Under the current health emergency across the world, there is an urgent requirement of repurposing of the available FDA approved drugs and natural products which could help in controlling the infections and alleviating the severity of the diseases as discovering entirely new chemical entity as a novel drug would be a protracted and costly journey Some of the phytochemicals have already displayed potential anti-viral activity against different targets of SARS-CoV-2 virus The present review would provide an account of the prevalent phytochemicals with antiviral activities, which would help in the development of promising drug therapy for the treatment of COVID-19 and similar such highly infectious viruses © 2020 Bentham Science Publishers
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10,654 citations
TL;DR: The purposes of this review are to highlight examples of progress in many areas of cancer research, indicate where knowledge is scarce and point out fertile grounds for future investigation.
Abstract: The revolution in cancer research can be summed up in a single sentence: cancer is, in essence, a genetic disease. In the last decade, many important genes responsible for the genesis of various cancers have been discovered, their mutations precisely identified, and the pathways through which they act characterized. The purposes of this review are to highlight examples of progress in these areas, indicate where knowledge is scarce and point out fertile grounds for future investigation.
4,159 citations
TL;DR: FASN, a nearly-universal druggable target in many human carcinomas and their precursor lesions, offers new therapeutic opportunities for metabolically treating and preventing cancer.
Abstract: Fatty acid synthase (FASN) catalyses the synthesis of fatty acids, and this synthetic pathway is upregulated in many tumours. How might FASN and increased lipogenesis be involved in cancer, and is FASN a valid therapeutic target? There is a renewed interest in the ultimate role of fatty acid synthase (FASN) — a key lipogenic enzyme catalysing the terminal steps in the de novo biogenesis of fatty acids — in cancer pathogenesis. Tumour-associated FASN, by conferring growth and survival advantages rather than functioning as an anabolic energy-storage pathway, appears to necessarily accompany the natural history of most human cancers. A recent identification of cross-talk between FASN and well-established cancer-controlling networks begins to delineate the oncogenic nature of FASN-driven lipogenesis. FASN, a nearly-universal druggable target in many human carcinomas and their precursor lesions, offers new therapeutic opportunities for metabolically treating and preventing cancer.
2,341 citations
TL;DR: Otto Warburg's observations are re-examine in relation to the current concepts of cancer metabolism as being intimately linked to alterations of mitochondrial DNA, oncogenes and tumour suppressors, and thus readily exploitable for cancer therapy.
Abstract: Otto Warburg pioneered quantitative investigations of cancer cell metabolism, as well as photosynthesis and respiration. Warburg and co-workers showed in the 1920s that, under aerobic conditions, tumour tissues metabolize approximately tenfold more glucose to lactate in a given time than normal tissues, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. However, this increase in aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells is often erroneously thought to occur instead of mitochondrial respiration and has been misinterpreted as evidence for damage to respiration instead of damage to the regulation of glycolysis. In fact, many cancers exhibit the Warburg effect while retaining mitochondrial respiration. We re-examine Warburg's observations in relation to the current concepts of cancer metabolism as being intimately linked to alterations of mitochondrial DNA, oncogenes and tumour suppressors, and thus readily exploitable for cancer therapy.
2,312 citations