Cancer statistics, 2016
TL;DR: Overall cancer incidence trends are stable in women, but declining by 3.1% per year in men, much of which is because of recent rapid declines in prostate cancer diagnoses, and brain cancer has surpassed leukemia as the leading cause of cancer death among children and adolescents.
Abstract: Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] Program), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (National Program of Cancer Registries), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2016, 1,685,210 new cancer cases and 595,690 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Overall cancer incidence trends (13 oldest SEER registries) are stable in women, but declining by 3.1% per year in men (from 2009-2012), much of which is because of recent rapid declines in prostate cancer diagnoses. The cancer death rate has dropped by 23% since 1991, translating to more than 1.7 million deaths averted through 2012. Despite this progress, death rates are increasing for cancers of the liver, pancreas, and uterine corpus, and cancer is now the leading cause of death in 21 states, primarily due to exceptionally large reductions in death from heart disease. Among children and adolescents (aged birth-19 years), brain cancer has surpassed leukemia as the leading cause of cancer death because of the dramatic therapeutic advances against leukemia. Accelerating progress against cancer requires both increased national investment in cancer research and the application of existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
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Benjamin J. Raphael, Ralph H. Hruban, Andrew J. Aguirre, Richard A. Moffitt +262 more•Institutions (1)
TL;DR: An integrated multi-platform analysis of 150 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma specimens reveals a complex molecular landscape of PDAC and provides a roadmap for precision medicine.
1,259 citations
Cites background from "Cancer statistics, 2016"
...Colored lines depict constant detection power = 0.95 for standard TCGA WES sequencing (~100x, black) and for the three data types utilized in this study: PDAC WES data (~400x, blue solid), PDAC targeted sequencing (~600x, red), and PDAC KRAS mutation hotspot deep sequencing data (~30000x, pink)....
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...The percentage of PDAC samples with a mutation detected by automated calling is noted at the left....
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...Detailed clinical and pathologic characteristics of the cohort matched those of the general population of patients with surgically resectable PDAC (He et al., 2014; Siegel et al., 2016) (Table S1)....
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...Germline data for analysis of known PDAC inherited susceptibility genes as described in main text....
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TL;DR: This review covers the principles, advantages, and drawbacks of passive and active targeting based on various polymer and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle carriers with drug attached by both covalent and noncovalent pathways.
Abstract: Targeted delivery combined with controlled drug release has a pivotal role in the future of personalized medicine. This review covers the principles, advantages, and drawbacks of passive and active targeting based on various polymer and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle carriers with drug attached by both covalent and noncovalent pathways. Attention is devoted to the tailored conjugation of targeting ligands (e.g., enzymes, antibodies, peptides) to drug carrier systems. Similarly, the approaches toward controlled drug release are discussed. Various polymer–drug conjugates based, for example, on polyethylene glycol (PEG), N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA), polymeric micelles, and nanoparticle carriers are explored with respect to absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME scheme) of administrated drug. Design and structure of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and condensed magnetic clusters are classified according to the mechanism of noncovalent drug loading involving...
1,241 citations
TL;DR: The frequency of germline mutations in DNA-repair genes among men with metastatic prostate cancer significantly exceeded the prevalence of 4.6% among 499 men with localized prostate cancer and 2.7% in the Exome Aggregation Consortium, which includes 53,105 persons without a known cancer diagnosis.
Abstract: BackgroundInherited mutations in DNA-repair genes such as BRCA2 are associated with increased risks of lethal prostate cancer. Although the prevalence of germline mutations in DNA-repair genes among men with localized prostate cancer who are unselected for family predisposition is insufficient to warrant routine testing, the frequency of such mutations in patients with metastatic prostate cancer has not been established. MethodsWe recruited 692 men with documented metastatic prostate cancer who were unselected for family history of cancer or age at diagnosis. We isolated germline DNA and used multiplex sequencing assays to assess mutations in 20 DNA-repair genes associated with autosomal dominant cancer-predisposition syndromes. ResultsA total of 84 germline DNA-repair gene mutations that were presumed to be deleterious were identified in 82 men (11.8%); mutations were found in 16 genes, including BRCA2 (37 men [5.3%]), ATM (11 [1.6%]), CHEK2 (10 [1.9% of 534 men with data]), BRCA1 (6 [0.9%]), RAD51D (3 [...
1,119 citations
TL;DR: An update of recent accomplishments, unifying concepts, and future challenges to study tumor-associated immune cells, with an emphasis on metastatic carcinomas are provided.
Abstract: The presence of inflammatory immune cells in human tumors raises a fundamental question in oncology: How do cancer cells avoid the destruction by immune attack? In principle, tumor development can be controlled by cytotoxic innate and adaptive immune cells; however, as the tumor develops from neoplastic tissue to clinically detectable tumors, cancer cells evolve different mechanisms that mimic peripheral immune tolerance in order to avoid tumoricidal attack. Here, we provide an update of recent accomplishments, unifying concepts, and future challenges to study tumor-associated immune cells, with an emphasis on metastatic carcinomas.
1,108 citations
Cites background from "Cancer statistics, 2016"
...…of inhibitory checkpointmolecules such as PD-L1, CTLA4, and V domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) (Topalian et al. 2012; Snyder et al. 2014; Boger et al. 2017); and (3) induction of the recruitment of TAMs, MDSCs, and Tregs by tumor-derived chemokines such as CCL2,…...
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TL;DR: While ultrasound elastography has shown promising results for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis, new applications in breast, thyroid, prostate, kidney and lymph node imaging are emerging.
Abstract: Elastography-based imaging techniques have received substantial attention in recent years for non-invasive assessment of tissue mechanical properties. These techniques take advantage of changed soft tissue elasticity in various pathologies to yield qualitative and quantitative information that can be used for diagnostic purposes. Measurements are acquired in specialized imaging modes that can detect tissue stiffness in response to an applied mechanical force (compression or shear wave). Ultrasound-based methods are of particular interest due to its many inherent advantages, such as wide availability including at the bedside and relatively low cost. Several ultrasound elastography techniques using different excitation methods have been developed. In general, these can be classified into strain imaging methods that use internal or external compression stimuli, and shear wave imaging that use ultrasound-generated traveling shear wave stimuli. While ultrasound elastography has shown promising results for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis, new applications in breast, thyroid, prostate, kidney and lymph node imaging are emerging. Here, we review the basic principles, foundation physics, and limitations of ultrasound elastography and summarize its current clinical use and ongoing developments in various clinical applications.
995 citations
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TL;DR: Screening with the use of low-dose CT reduces mortality from lung cancer, as compared with the radiography group, and the rate of death from any cause was reduced.
Abstract: Background The aggressive and heterogeneous nature of lung cancer has thwarted efforts to reduce mortality from this cancer through the use of screening. The advent of low-dose helical computed tomography (CT) altered the landscape of lung-cancer screening, with studies indicating that low-dose CT detects many tumors at early stages. The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) was conducted to determine whether screening with low-dose CT could reduce mortality from lung cancer. Methods From August 2002 through April 2004, we enrolled 53,454 persons at high risk for lung cancer at 33 U.S. medical centers. Participants were randomly assigned to undergo three annual screenings with either low-dose CT (26,722 participants) or single-view posteroanterior chest radiography (26,732). Data were collected on cases of lung cancer and deaths from lung cancer that occurred through December 31, 2009. Results The rate of adherence to screening was more than 90%. The rate of positive screening tests was 24.2% with low-dose CT and 6.9% with radiography over all three rounds. A total of 96.4% of the positive screening results in the low-dose CT group and 94.5% in the radiography group were false positive results. The incidence of lung cancer was 645 cases per 100,000 person-years (1060 cancers) in the low-dose CT group, as compared with 572 cases per 100,000 person-years (941 cancers) in the radiography group (rate ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 1.23). There were 247 deaths from lung cancer per 100,000 person-years in the low-dose CT group and 309 deaths per 100,000 person-years in the radiography group, representing a relative reduction in mortality from lung cancer with low-dose CT screening of 20.0% (95% CI, 6.8 to 26.7; P=0.004). The rate of death from any cause was reduced in the low-dose CT group, as compared with the radiography group, by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2 to 13.6; P=0.02). Conclusions Screening with the use of low-dose CT reduces mortality from lung cancer. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute; National Lung Screening Trial ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00047385.).
7,710 citations
01 Jan 2006
7,442 citations
"Cancer statistics, 2016" refers background or methods in this paper
...for leukemia and from 57% to 74% for brain and other nervous system tumors.(8)...
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...each down about 50% as a result of improvements in early detection and treatment.(8,33,52,53) Lung cancer death rates...
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...registries combined) among both men and women for some leukemia subtypes and for cancers of the tongue, tonsil, small intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, renal pelvis, and thyroid.(8) In addition, incidence rates increased in men for melanoma; myeloma; and cancers of the breast, testis, and oropharynx....
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...Joinpoint is a tool used to describe and quantify trends by fitting observed rates to lines connected at “joinpoints” where trends change in direction or magnitude.(8,26) The overall incidence rate in women has remained stable since 1998, but has declined in men by 3....
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...Cancers of the brain and other nervous system are the second most common cancer type (26%), followed by soft tissue sarcomas (7%, almost one-half of which are rhabdomyosarcoma), neuroblastoma (6%), non-Hodgkin lymphomas, including Burkitt lymphoma (6%), renal (Wilms) tumors (5%), and Hodgkin lymphomas (3%).(8) Cancers in adolescents (aged 15 to 19 years) differ somewhat from those in children in terms of type and distribution....
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01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: The scientific evidence is incontrovertible: inhaling tobacco smoke, particularly from cigarettes, is deadly.
Abstract: The scientific evidence is incontrovertible: inhaling tobacco smoke, particularly from cigarettes, is deadly. Since the first Surgeon General’s Report in 1964, evidence has linked smoking to diseases of nearly all organs of the body. • In the United States, smoking causes 87 percent of lung cancer deaths, 32 percent of coronary heart disease deaths, and 79 percent of all cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
5,061 citations
TL;DR: A joinpoint regression model is applied to describe continuous changes in the recent trend and the grid-search method is used to fit the regression function with unknown joinpoints assuming constant variance and uncorrelated errors.
Abstract: The identification of changes in the recent trend is an important issue in the analysis of cancer mortality and incidence data. We apply a joinpoint regression model to describe such continuous changes and use the grid-search method to fit the regression function with unknown joinpoints assuming constant variance and uncorrelated errors. We find the number of significant joinpoints by performing several permutation tests, each of which has a correct significance level asymptotically. Each p-value is found using Monte Carlo methods, and the overall asymptotic significance level is maintained through a Bonferroni correction. These tests are extended to the situation with non-constant variance to handle rates with Poisson variation and possibly autocorrelated errors. The performance of these tests are studied via simulations and the tests are applied to U.S. prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates.
3,950 citations
Book•
01 Jun 1990
TL;DR: This list of diseases for oncology includes cancers of the central nervous system, as well as other types of diseases such as lymphoma, leukaemia, and so on.
Abstract: International classification of diseases for oncology : , International classification of diseases for oncology : , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
3,776 citations