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Journal ArticleDOI

Capital-labor substitution and economic efficiency

TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the quality of the service provided by the service provider by using the information of the user's interaction with the provider and the provider.
Abstract: Обсуждаются следующие темы: чистая теория производства, функциональное распределение дохода, технический прогресс, источники международных конкурентных преимуществ. Анализируются эластичность замещения между трудом и капиталом в обрабатывающей промышленности; производственные функции различного типа.
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors introduce a national-scale design framework that can enable policymakers to sift through complex, nonlinear, multi-sector policy spaces to identify efficient policy portfolios that balance economic, social, and environmental goals.
Abstract: Abstract The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim at jointly improving economic, social, and environmental outcomes for human prosperity and planetary health. However, designing national economic policies that support advancement across multiple Sustainable Development Goals is hindered by the complexities of multi-sector economies and often conflicting policies. To address this, we introduce a national-scale design framework that can enable policymakers to sift through complex, non-linear, multi-sector policy spaces to identify efficient policy portfolios that balance economic, social, and environmental goals. The framework combines economy-wide sustainability simulation and artificial intelligence-driven multiobjective, multi-SDG policy search and machine learning. The framework can support multi-sector, multi-actor policy deliberation to screen efficient policy portfolios. We demonstrate the utility of the framework for a case study of Egypt by identifying policy portfolios that achieve efficient mixes of poverty and inequality reduction, economic growth, and climate change mitigation. The results show that integrated policy strategies can help achieve sustainable development while balancing adverse economic, social, and political impacts of reforms.

15 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on an analytical production frontier framework, the authors constructs a comprehensive assessment model of both technological progress and its factor bias, and systematically analyzes both industrial green-biased and output-biased technological progress in China from 2001 to 2015.
Abstract: Based on an analytical production frontier framework, this paper constructs a comprehensive assessment model of both technological progress and its factor bias. It then systematically analyzes both industrial green biased technological progress and the energy conservation and emission reduction effects it exerts in China from 2001 to 2015. The results show the following: ① During the overall sample period, the average growth rate of industrial-technological progress was as high as 2.7% and the average annual growth was nearly 2.2%. Although there were losses in green TFP caused by a deterioration in technological efficiency, these were offset by other increases in green TFP. ② The main reason for industrial technological progress is the progress of neutral technology. Even though the contribution shares which are from input-biased and output-biased technological progress continuously rose, their promoting effects were still relatively weak. ③ On the whole, China’s input-biased technological progress can be presented as capital-intensive and labor-saving, capital-intensive and energy-saving, and energy-intensive and labor-saving, and it also shows a significant temporal-spatial characteristic. ④ China’s output-biased technological progress is, on the whole, seen as increasingly desirable output but technological progress in most provinces is still accompanied by increasing undesirable output during some periods.

15 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of a reduction of customs duties on the Norwegian economy were analyzed, assuming distortions in the factor market in the sense that capital has been considered immobile between sectors and wages fixed.

15 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a nested constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function and nonlinear regression analysis to study the feasibility of other inputs as a substitute for labor.
Abstract: The rapidly aging society and agricultural abandonment by young people in Thailand have changed the age structure of Thai agricultural labor, and influenced the potential for agricultural production. Thus, it is important to study the feasibility of other inputs as a substitute for labor. This paper estimated the degree of elasticity substitution of inputs, particularly young labor, older labor, and physical capital. The elasticity of input substitution was estimated using a nested constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function and nonlinear regression analysis. Research data were obtained from the annual secondary data of government sources from 1990 to 2013. The findings indicated that the input substitutability of young and older labor was low. However, capital and labor could substitute for each other. Moreover, capital better substituted for young labor than older labor. The results suggested that both the public and private sectors should encourage young people to engage in the agricultural sector, and support investment in farm machinery as a labor substitute.

15 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study the manufacturing sector with a translog cost function in seven OECD countries using the EU-KLEMS database for the period 1970-2005 and find that an increase in energy price, e.g. due to climate policy or scarcer fossil fuels, will likely reduce capital inputs, which might lead to a lower output of manufacturing.
Abstract: The simultaneous influence of increasing oil scarcity, greenhouse gas control and renewable energy targets will result in a future of sustained energy prices. Whether modern economies can find a smooth path away from fossil fuels is a fundamental socio-economic and political question, which according to standard economics depends to a large extent on the degree of substitution between energy and capital. We study this issue by modelling the manufacturing sector with a translog cost function in seven OECD countries using the EU-KLEMS database for the period 1970–2005. After a literature survey, different production structures accounting for input substitution, returns to scale and technical change are estimated, and substitution elasticities are derived. Our results indicate a general complementarity or weak substitution relationship between energy and capital, suggesting that an increase in energy price, e.g. due to climate policy or scarcer fossil fuels, will likely reduce capital inputs, which might lead to a lower output of manufacturing.

15 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the performance of the system by using the information of the user's interaction with the system and the system itself, including the interaction between the two parties.
Abstract: В статье производится анализ агрегированной производственной функции, вводится аппарат, позволяющий различать движение вдоль такой функции от ее сдвигов. На основании сделанных в статье предположений делаются выводы о характере технического прогресса и технологических изменений. Существенное внимание уделяется вариантам применения концепции агрегированной производственной функции.

10,850 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

3,961 citations

Book
01 Jan 1956
TL;DR: In this paper, a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War is given, namely: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart
Abstract: Introduction This paper is a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart from the shortterm fluctuations of business cycles, and, if so, what is the significance of these swings? The answers to these three questions, to the extent that they can be given, represent, of course, only a tiny fraction of the historical experience relevant to the problems of growth. Even so, anyone acquainted with their complexity will realize that no one of them, much less all three, can be treated satisfactorily in a short space. I shall have to pronounce upon them somewhat arbitrarily. My ability to deal with them at all is a reflection of one of the more important, though one of the less obvious, of the many aspects of our growing wealth, namely, the accumulation of historical statistics in this country during the last generation. For the most part, the figures which I present or which underlie my qualitative statements are taken directly from tables of estimates of national product, labor force, productivity, and the like compiled by others.

1,031 citations

Book
01 Jan 1938

926 citations