Capital-labor substitution and economic efficiency
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the quality of the service provided by the service provider by using the information of the user's interaction with the provider and the provider.
Abstract: Обсуждаются следующие темы: чистая теория производства, функциональное распределение дохода, технический прогресс, источники международных конкурентных преимуществ. Анализируются эластичность замещения между трудом и капиталом в обрабатывающей промышленности; производственные функции различного типа.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between sectoral labor force shares and per capita GNP and found that the relationship varies with the relative size of a country's imports and the composition of its exports and imports.
Abstract: There has been considerable uniformity noted across nations in the tendency of the labor force share in agriculture to fall and that in manufacturing to first rise and then fall. At the same time, the relationship between sectoral labor force shares and development has shown a definite contextual variation. This paper investigates how the size and nature of trade activity impacts upon the labor force transformation. The analysis is based upon Casetti's Expansion Method, and uses cross-sectional data from sixty-eight countries. Results indicate that the relationship between sectoral labor force shares and per capita GNP varies with the relative size of a country's imports as well as the composition of its exports and imports.
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Cites background from "Capital-labor substitution and econ..."
...Arrow, Chenery, Minhans, and Solow [1] calculated the elasticities of factor substitution for different sectors....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the factor input intensity of hospitality and related industries, namely, accommodation, food service and amusement, gaming and recreation (AFAGR), compared to other service industries.
Abstract: Purpose
Economic production analysis can provide critical perspectives on an industry’s performance. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factor input intensity of hospitality and related industries, namely, accommodation, food service and amusement, gaming and recreation (AFAGR), compared to other service industries.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper compared AFAGR with other industries categorized as services by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The NAICS code of up to four digits was used to collect data (US Census Bureau).
Findings
Results of this paper confirm extant literature that food service is more labor-intensive than other service industries; however, this was not true of accommodation and AGR industries. Similarly, while food service industry was relatively less intermediate input intensive than other service industries, accommodation and AGR were not. There were no significant differences between hospitality and other service industries (AFAGR) in their capital intensity. Another important finding was that while accommodation had constant results to scale, AGR had increasing returns to scale and food service industry was found to have decreasing returns to scale.
Research limitations/implications
This investigation only looked at the four-digit NAICS-coded industries. International differences could also be investigated in the future.
Practical implications
Based on theoretical arguments, high labor intensity together with low intermediate input in food service industry suggests that efficiencies could be gained in these businesses. This may also be evident by the decreasing returns to scale that this paper found for the food service industry. These comparisons could guide additional research about the causes, consequences and potential sources of improvement of efficiency of economic productivity in AFAGR. Managers in AFAGR would find it valuable to understand how they might be able to enhance economic output, particularly in the context of the role of labor. Furthermore, any changes in one economic input would have implications on other inputs and possibly on productivity.
Social implications
Any future recalibration of input intensity in hospitality industries could have both social and economic consequence.
Originality/value
This paper enhances our understanding of how hospitality industries use economic factors of production. Labor in AFAGR is viewed as a given. This study suggests that food service industry may need to reevaluate its labor productivity, the way it is measured and how it might affect efficiencies. Such understanding could better inform the sources and causes of economic efficiencies in AFAGR industries. Until now, this understanding has mostly been based on relatively scarce comparative systematic analysis.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a carbon tax rate optimization method based on the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is proposed, to more effectively control carbon emissions and reduce carbon intensity.
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TL;DR: The authors examined labor productivity across the lower 48 states from 1993 to 2000, a period that coincides considerably with the longest economic expansion, as chronicled by the National Bureau of Economic Research to date.
Abstract: This paper examines labor productivity across the lower 48 states from 1993 to 2000, a period that coincides considerably with the longest economic expansion, as chronicled by the National Bureau of Economic Research to date. Our results suggest that states with high education levels, high population density, and low tax burden tend to have high labor productivity. Further analysis shows that differences in population density account for the largest share of the differences in labor productivity across states. Since population density is not generally considered a policy variable for most states, more meaningful state economic performance comparisons can be made by taking into consideration differences in state population densities. These findings should be of interest to economic development organizations and policy makers because labor productivity is the primary source of wages in the long run.
8 citations
Cites methods from "Capital-labor substitution and econ..."
...8 This production function was developed by Arrow et al. (1961). The CES can be applied using time series or cross-sectional data....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the substitution elasticity caused by two production functions applied to the Tunisian economy: CES and translog production functions, and compared the degrees of capital-labour substitution of a developing country.
Abstract: On the basis of the CES and translog production functions, this study compares the degrees of capital-labour substitution of a developing country. In order to change the tradition of some modellers, we try to present estimates of substitution elasticity caused by these two production functions applied to the Tunisian economy. In these estimations, we use statistical data about the 1961/2010 period for the five sectors of the global economy by choosing two factors of production. We apply the nonlinear least squares method to estimate the substitution elasticity in each sector of the CES function using the GAMS software and the SURE method in order to estimate the translog function by means of the STATA software. The results indicate a strong similitude between the elasticity substitution estimates for each function, which are significantly below the unity.
8 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the performance of the system by using the information of the user's interaction with the system and the system itself, including the interaction between the two parties.
Abstract: В статье производится анализ агрегированной производственной функции, вводится аппарат, позволяющий различать движение вдоль такой функции от ее сдвигов. На основании сделанных в статье предположений делаются выводы о характере технического прогресса и технологических изменений. Существенное внимание уделяется вариантам применения концепции агрегированной производственной функции.
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01 Jan 1956TL;DR: In this paper, a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War is given, namely: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart
Abstract: Introduction This paper is a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart from the shortterm fluctuations of business cycles, and, if so, what is the significance of these swings? The answers to these three questions, to the extent that they can be given, represent, of course, only a tiny fraction of the historical experience relevant to the problems of growth. Even so, anyone acquainted with their complexity will realize that no one of them, much less all three, can be treated satisfactorily in a short space. I shall have to pronounce upon them somewhat arbitrarily. My ability to deal with them at all is a reflection of one of the more important, though one of the less obvious, of the many aspects of our growing wealth, namely, the accumulation of historical statistics in this country during the last generation. For the most part, the figures which I present or which underlie my qualitative statements are taken directly from tables of estimates of national product, labor force, productivity, and the like compiled by others.
1,031 citations
903 citations