Capital-labor substitution and economic efficiency
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the quality of the service provided by the service provider by using the information of the user's interaction with the provider and the provider.
Abstract: Обсуждаются следующие темы: чистая теория производства, функциональное распределение дохода, технический прогресс, источники международных конкурентных преимуществ. Анализируются эластичность замещения между трудом и капиталом в обрабатывающей промышленности; производственные функции различного типа.
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12 Apr 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, a game-theoretic framework for strategic negotiations between two countries for two commodities is proposed with various alternate scenarios and the possible payoffs therein, where a country may settle for lower benefits or a loss on trade of one commodity due to lower standards, yet a reciprocal change for another commodity may provide higher net gains.
Abstract: SPS standards, the commodity specific standards to protect domestic flora and fauna, are usually kept at prohibitively high levels, thereby inducing sub-optimal outcomes as an NTB. All the studies so far have overlooked the possibility of bilateral negotiations and studied the impact of SPS standards for a single commodity and on the importing nation only. The present research addresses this gap. A negotiation based SPS regime is considered, wherein a country may settle for lower benefits or a loss on trade of one commodity due to lower standards, yet a reciprocal change for another commodity may provide higher net gains.
A game-theoretic framework for strategic negotiations between two countries for two commodities is proposed with various alternate scenarios and the possible payoffs therein. For empirical justification, case of Indo-US trade in wheat and mango is chosen. At present, India does not permit import of wheat from USA due to high weed infestation, whereas mango export from India to USA was banned between 1989 and 2006 due to high pesticide levels and pests. A range of welfare payoffs to India and US under different SPS regimes is estimated. Payoffs are defined as impact on parties affected directly (consumers and producers) or indirectly (spillover effects). Partial equilibrium framework for stylized microeconomic models is used with benchmark data of 2004-06. The estimation components are then summed up over countries and commodities for comparing in game-theoretic framework.
Strictly dominant Nash equilibrium is consistent with the present regime. The payoffs also conform to policy arguments by two countries negotiating to maximize own welfare. A brief sensitivity analysis is performed to point out that developed north can afford more flexibility in standards. The results show that it is more welfare augmenting for both the countries to adopt moderate level of SPS standards instead of complete ban or full liberalization.
1 citations
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a game-theoretic framework and model to explain when incumbents in non-democratic states will strategically seek to target civilians in killing campaigns, and discussed the main arguments of their theory to explain how and why such political contestation interacts with existing levels of concentrated urban development to incentivize the ruling elite to resort to mass killing against its citizens.
Abstract: This chapter is devoted to developing the book’s theoretical story. It first discusses the foundations of the game-theoretic framework and model that we employ to explain when incumbents in nondemocratic states will strategically seek to target civilians in killing campaigns. To this end, the chapter starts with a detailed overview of the two key actors in the theory that we develop: the ruling elite and the citizens residing in this nondemocratic polity. We also describe the economic and political context under which these two sets of actors strategically interact with each other. Our model analyzes how the outbreak of a food crisis that results from high food price volatility generates political contestation between citizens and the ruling elite in nondemocracies. We discuss in great depth the main arguments of our theory to explain how and why such political contestation interacts with existing levels of concentrated urban development to incentivize the ruling elite to resort to mass killing against its citizens. We rely on this model to derive our main hypothesis and its two corollaries.
1 citations
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of concepts, based on the economic theory but revised in the light of industrial practice, which can be applied for evaluating the impact and effects of automation diffusion in enterprises are presented.
Abstract: The increasing diffusion of automation in all sectors of the industrial world gives rise to a deep modification of labor organization and requires a new approach to evaluate industrial systems efficiency, effectiveness, and economic convenience. Until now, the evaluation tools and methods at disposal of industrial managers are rare and even complex. Easy-to-use criteria, possibly based on robust but simple models and concepts, appear to be necessary. This chapter gives an overview of concepts, based on the economic theory but revised in the light of industrial practice, which can be applied for evaluating the impact and effects of automation diffusion in enterprises.
1 citations
Posted Content•
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, aplica las teorias del enfoque moderno in la medicion de la actividad bancaria. Con el fin de determinar the eficiencia de escala and the nivel de aversion al riesgo in los directivos of los bancos in Colombia, utiliza una funcion de costos translogaritmica multiproducto, that incorpora variables de riesgos and de regulacion, which caracterizaron and afectaron the activid
Abstract: Este articulo aplica las teorias del enfoque moderno en la medicion de la actividad bancaria. Con el fin de determinar la eficiencia de escala y el nivel de aversion al riesgo en los directivos de los bancos en Colombia, utiliza una funcion de costos translogaritmica multiproducto, que incorpora variables de riesgo y de regulacion
que caracterizaron y afectaron la actividad bancaria durante el periodo de crisis financiera. Encuentra que los directivos son adversos al riesgo y por lo tanto, la utilidad esta en funcion de otras variables adicionales al beneficio. Demuestra que las medidas de regulacion ademas de incrementar los costos generan un mayor nivel
de aversion al riesgo de los directivos de los bancos, aumentando la demanda de capital financiero hasta niveles que no les permiten minimizar costos. Por ultimo, encuentra que no existen economias de escala al incluir en su medicion variables de riesgo y de regulacion durante el periodo de desarrollo de la crisis financiera
1 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the performance of the system by using the information of the user's interaction with the system and the system itself, including the interaction between the two parties.
Abstract: В статье производится анализ агрегированной производственной функции, вводится аппарат, позволяющий различать движение вдоль такой функции от ее сдвигов. На основании сделанных в статье предположений делаются выводы о характере технического прогресса и технологических изменений. Существенное внимание уделяется вариантам применения концепции агрегированной производственной функции.
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Book•
01 Jan 1956TL;DR: In this paper, a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War is given, namely: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart
Abstract: Introduction This paper is a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart from the shortterm fluctuations of business cycles, and, if so, what is the significance of these swings? The answers to these three questions, to the extent that they can be given, represent, of course, only a tiny fraction of the historical experience relevant to the problems of growth. Even so, anyone acquainted with their complexity will realize that no one of them, much less all three, can be treated satisfactorily in a short space. I shall have to pronounce upon them somewhat arbitrarily. My ability to deal with them at all is a reflection of one of the more important, though one of the less obvious, of the many aspects of our growing wealth, namely, the accumulation of historical statistics in this country during the last generation. For the most part, the figures which I present or which underlie my qualitative statements are taken directly from tables of estimates of national product, labor force, productivity, and the like compiled by others.
1,031 citations
903 citations