Capital-labor substitution and economic efficiency
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the quality of the service provided by the service provider by using the information of the user's interaction with the provider and the provider.
Abstract: Обсуждаются следующие темы: чистая теория производства, функциональное распределение дохода, технический прогресс, источники международных конкурентных преимуществ. Анализируются эластичность замещения между трудом и капиталом в обрабатывающей промышленности; производственные функции различного типа.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the impacts of a Btu tax on energy on the United States economy and found that such a tax will result in lower output by the producing sectors (by about $122.4 billion), a decrease in the consumption of goods and services, and a reduction in welfare.
Abstract: This paper examines the impacts of a Btu tax on energy on the United States economy. The analytical approach used in the analysis consisted of a general equilibrium model composed of fourteen producing sectors, fourteen consuming sectors, six household categories classified by income and a government. The effects of imposing a tax on natural gas, coal, and nuclear power of 25.7 cents per million Btu and a tax on refined petroleum products of 59.9 cents per million Btu on prices and quantities are examined. The results are revealing. For example, a Btu tax on energy imposed at the point of production will result in lower output by the producing sectors (by about $122.4 billion), a decrease in the consumption of goods and services (by about $64.6 billion), and a reduction in welfare (by about $66.6 billion). The government would realize an increase in revenue of about $50.5 billion. In the case of the Btu tax being imposed at the point of consumption, there will be lower output by the producing sectors (by about $83.7 billion), a reduction in the consumption of goods and services (by about $48.3 billion), and a reduction in welfare (by about $49.5 billion). The government would realize an increase in revenue of $41.3 billion. Finally, when subjected to a sensitivity analysis, the results are reasonably robust with regard to the assumption of the values of the substitution elasticities.
01 Apr 2020
06 Aug 2010
TL;DR: In this article, the authors made an analysis of production functions from the space point of view and obtained some interesting results like that all the points of the surface are parabolic, the total curvature is always null, the conditions when a production function is minimal and finally they gave the equations of the geodesics on the surface i.e. the curves of minimal length between two points.
Abstract: In this paper we shall made an analysis of production functions from the space point of view. We shall obtain some interesting results like that all the points of the surface are parabolic, the total curvature is always null, the conditions when a production function is minimal and finally we give the equations of the geodesics on the surface i.e. the curves of minimal length between two points.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: Baseline models have been widely applied in international business and management, emerging market economies, and developing countries as mentioned in this paper, where they have been used to capture key patterns in empirical data that are independent of the hypothesized causal effects.
Abstract: Purpose – This chapter reports on a rapidly growing trend in data analysis – analytic comparisons between baseline models and explanatory models. Baseline models estimate values for the dependent variable in the absence of hypothesized causal effects. Thus, the baseline models discussed in this chapter differ from the baseline models commonly used in sequential regression analyses.
Baseline modeling entails iteration: (1) Researchers develop baseline models to capture key patterns in the empirical data that are independent of the hypothesized effects. (2) They compare these patterns with the patterns implied by their explanatory models. (3) They use the derived insights to improve their explanatory models. (4) They iterate by comparing their improved explanatory models with modified baseline models.
Methodology/approach – The chapter draws on methodological literature in economics, applied psychology, and the philosophy of science to point out fundamental features of baseline modeling. Examples come from research in international business and management, emerging market economies, and developing countries.
Findings – Baseline modeling offers substantial advantages for theory development. Although analytic comparisons with baseline models originated in some research fields as early as the 1960s, they have not been widely discussed or applied in international management.
Practical implications – Baseline modeling takes a more inductive and iterative approach to modeling and theory development.
Originality/value of paper – Because baseline modeling holds substantial potential, international-management scholars should explore its opportunities for advancing scientific progress.
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-period model is presented which attempts to predict the subjectively optimal fertility response of peasant households to parametric changes resulting from rural development projects and other policies.
Abstract: In this paper a two-period model is presented which attempts to predict the subjectively optimal fertility response of peasant households to parametric changes resulting from rural development projects and other policies. The seven parameters considered are: the relative price of agricultural capital, the off-farm wage, the responsiveness of out-migration to economic incentives, the discount rate and changes in techniques of production which fall into three categories: neutral, labor-augmenting or capital-augmenting. Some extensions of the model under different out-migration assumptions, endogenous marriage decisions and a “pension motive” for childbearing are considered. Some general policy prescriptions are then made. Less-developed country governments should set a high priority on limiting rural population growth. This could be achieved in part by controling the price of agricultural capital and by subsidizing appropriate changes in techniques of production, the appropriate changes varying by types of crops.
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the performance of the system by using the information of the user's interaction with the system and the system itself, including the interaction between the two parties.
Abstract: В статье производится анализ агрегированной производственной функции, вводится аппарат, позволяющий различать движение вдоль такой функции от ее сдвигов. На основании сделанных в статье предположений делаются выводы о характере технического прогресса и технологических изменений. Существенное внимание уделяется вариантам применения концепции агрегированной производственной функции.
10,850 citations
3,961 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1956TL;DR: In this paper, a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War is given, namely: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart
Abstract: Introduction This paper is a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart from the shortterm fluctuations of business cycles, and, if so, what is the significance of these swings? The answers to these three questions, to the extent that they can be given, represent, of course, only a tiny fraction of the historical experience relevant to the problems of growth. Even so, anyone acquainted with their complexity will realize that no one of them, much less all three, can be treated satisfactorily in a short space. I shall have to pronounce upon them somewhat arbitrarily. My ability to deal with them at all is a reflection of one of the more important, though one of the less obvious, of the many aspects of our growing wealth, namely, the accumulation of historical statistics in this country during the last generation. For the most part, the figures which I present or which underlie my qualitative statements are taken directly from tables of estimates of national product, labor force, productivity, and the like compiled by others.
1,031 citations
903 citations