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Journal ArticleDOI

Capital-labor substitution and economic efficiency

TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the quality of the service provided by the service provider by using the information of the user's interaction with the provider and the provider.
Abstract: Обсуждаются следующие темы: чистая теория производства, функциональное распределение дохода, технический прогресс, источники международных конкурентных преимуществ. Анализируются эластичность замещения между трудом и капиталом в обрабатывающей промышленности; производственные функции различного типа.
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TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the emphasis on specific factors may lead to a danger of circular reasoning unless one can successfully explain the mechanism that determines the relative supply of these factors.
Abstract: The Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson (H-O-S) model has played a central role in the pure theory of international trade, contributing to the clarification of such diverse questions as the determinants of comparative advantage, the effects of trade upon factor prices, the effects of economic growth on international trade and vice versa, the relationship between international movements of goods and factors, and so forth. However, contrary to the original intention of Ohlin himself, as has been exemplified in his discussion in Harrod and Hague (1963, pp. 398-399), this model has tended to concentrate on a relatively small number of generic factors of production such as capital and labour, and to neglect the role played by those factors that are somehow specific to various industries. Harrod, on the other hand, emphasized the importance of industry-specific factors many years ago, viewing their relative abundance as a major cause of differences in comparative advantage. (See Harrod, 1957, pp. 19 and 36, 1958; and Harrod and Hague, 1963, pp. 422-423. For his own definition of specific factors see Harrod, 1957, p. 33.) It may be argued, however, that the emphasis on specific factors may lead to a danger of circular reasoning unless one can successfully explain the mechanism that determines the relative supply of these factors. Take the ordinary two-factor, two-commodity H-O-S model, for example, and suppose that a country has a comparative advantage in the labour-intensive (say, textile) industry because of its relative abundance of labour. In the trade equilibrium position a relatively large proportion of labour will be engaged in the textile industry, and those workers in this industry must have acquired specific skills which are necessary to produce textiles. They are specific factors, at least for the short run. It would not be particularly interesting, however, to state that the country has a comparative advantage in the textile industry because it has a relatively abundant supply of textile workers, since they have become relatively abundant as a result of the expansion of the textile industry in which the country has a comparative advantage, and not vice versa. Thus, there is a clear limitation to a theory based on specific factors which does not analyse the mechanism that determines their supplies. On the other hand, it may also be argued that one need not seek merely the long-run determinants of international trade and investment. We may conceive of specific factors such as those whose inter-industry mobility is limited in the short run, and limit our scope to a relatively short period of time, the length of the period being dependent upon the degree of shiffability of a particular factor of production concerned: see the view of Haberler in Harrod and Hague (1963, p. 396). It is in this context that we now

46 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a formal model to address this question, which contends that severe droughts can decrease food availability, prompting civilians to allocate food for immediate consumption and become increasingly willing to defend their diminishing supplies against rebels.
Abstract: Scholars note that rebel atrocities against civilians often arise within rural areas in the developing world. This characterization is not far-fetched, and recent data show that rebel atrocities do predominately occur within rural agricultural regions. Yet the frequency of such incidents also varies substantially across different agricultural regions and years. What accounts for this observed variation in rebel-perpetrated atrocities against civilians within agricultural areas in developing countries? We develop a formal model to address this question, which contends that severe droughts can decrease food availability, prompting civilians to allocate food for immediate consumption and become increasingly willing to defend their diminishing supplies against rebels. This leads rebels to preempt the civilians’ defensive efforts by committing atrocities, which forcibly separate civilians from their lands and food stockpiles. In empirically testing this hypothesis at the subnational level across the developing...

45 citations


Cites background from "Capital-labor substitution and econ..."

  • ...Developed by Arrow et al. (1961)....

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  • ...7Developed by Arrow et al. (1961). This CES function is described further in the Supplemental Appendix....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI

45 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A transport simulation and forecast model is presented, which is designed for the assessment of policy options aiming to achieve sustainability in transportation, and the outlook according to a ‘reference case’ run for the 15 current European Union Member States up to 2030 is presented.

45 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a multidimensional analysis of Einkommens and Armutsmas is presented, in which the authors show that substitution zwischen time-defizit durch einkommen and solcher personlicher Freizeit is signifikant.
Abstract: Einkommen als traditionelles eindimensionales Wohlfahrts- und Armutsmas wird in neueren Studien um ein multidimensionales Konzept erweitert. Obwohl dies sicherlich ein Fortschritt ist, fehlen zwei wichtige Aspekte: Zeit als eine wichtige Dimension und die Interdependenz der oft nur separat gezahlten multiplen Armutsdimensionen. Unsere Studie will zu beiden Aspekten einen Beitrag liefern: erstens, wir betrachten Zeit - und Einkommen - beide als entscheidende und beschrankende Ressourcen aller taglichen Aktivitaten und betrachten deshalb Zeit und Einkommen als wichtige Dimensionen einer multiplen Armutsanalyse. Zweitens, die Interdependenz der multiplen Armutsdimensionen wird durch die Bevolkerung insgesamt bewertet, um zu einem Verstandnis moglicher Substitutions- und Austauschbeziehungen zwischen den Dimensionen zu kommen. Hinsichtlich der Zeitdimension folgen wir Sen's Capability-Ansatz mit seiner freien Wahl der Lebensbedingungen und sozialer Exklusion und argumentieren, dass eine Einschrankung der Zeit die soziale Partizipation einschranken kann. Im Besonderen ist eine Beschrankung der personlichen, genuinen Freizeit (nicht die gesamte Freizeit) verknupft mit eingeschrankter sozialer Partizipation. Die entscheidende Frage jedoch ist, wie die Substitution zwischen Einkommen und solcher personlicher Freizeit erfasst werden kann. In unserer Analyse berucksichtigen wir die Bewertung der Bevolkerung mit Daten des Sozio-okonomischen Panels und schatzen die Substitution mit einer CES-Nutzenfunktion einer generellen Zufriedenheit. Mit dieser Qantifizierung konnen wir dann singulare Zeit- und Einkommensarmut sowie erweiterte multiple Armutssektoren fur die als arm geltenden Erwerbstatigen (working poor) herausarbeiten. Wir quantifizieren zudem weitere sozio-okonomische Einflusfaktoren fur jede der interdependenten multidimensionalen Armutssektoren mit einem multinomialen logit Ansatz basierend auf den Zeittagebuchdaten der deutschen Zeitbudgeterhebung 2001/02. Ein herausragendes Ergebnis fur Deutschland: Substitution zwischen Zeit und Einkommen ist signifikant und wir finden einen hohen Prozentsatz von zeitarmen Menschen, die nicht in der Lage sind, ihr Zeitdefizit durch Einkommen zu substituieren. Dieser Personenkreis wird sowohl in der Armuts- und Wohlfahrtsdiskussion als auch in der Diskussion um Zeitstress und Zeitdruck bisher ignoriert.

45 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the performance of the system by using the information of the user's interaction with the system and the system itself, including the interaction between the two parties.
Abstract: В статье производится анализ агрегированной производственной функции, вводится аппарат, позволяющий различать движение вдоль такой функции от ее сдвигов. На основании сделанных в статье предположений делаются выводы о характере технического прогресса и технологических изменений. Существенное внимание уделяется вариантам применения концепции агрегированной производственной функции.

10,850 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

3,961 citations

Book
01 Jan 1956
TL;DR: In this paper, a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War is given, namely: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart
Abstract: Introduction This paper is a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart from the shortterm fluctuations of business cycles, and, if so, what is the significance of these swings? The answers to these three questions, to the extent that they can be given, represent, of course, only a tiny fraction of the historical experience relevant to the problems of growth. Even so, anyone acquainted with their complexity will realize that no one of them, much less all three, can be treated satisfactorily in a short space. I shall have to pronounce upon them somewhat arbitrarily. My ability to deal with them at all is a reflection of one of the more important, though one of the less obvious, of the many aspects of our growing wealth, namely, the accumulation of historical statistics in this country during the last generation. For the most part, the figures which I present or which underlie my qualitative statements are taken directly from tables of estimates of national product, labor force, productivity, and the like compiled by others.

1,031 citations

Book
01 Jan 1938

926 citations