Capital-labor substitution and economic efficiency
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the quality of the service provided by the service provider by using the information of the user's interaction with the provider and the provider.
Abstract: Обсуждаются следующие темы: чистая теория производства, функциональное распределение дохода, технический прогресс, источники международных конкурентных преимуществ. Анализируются эластичность замещения между трудом и капиталом в обрабатывающей промышленности; производственные функции различного типа.
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TL;DR: Jorgenson et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed the embodiment hypothesis and proved that it can be used to explain the behavior of individuals in political science. But they did not consider the relationship between individuals and their beliefs.
Abstract: Citation Jorgenson, Dale W. 1966. The embodiment hypothesis. Journalof Political Economy 74(1): 1-17.Published Version doi:10.1086/259105Accessed July 9, 2011 5:22:21 PM EDTCitable Link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3403063Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University's DASHrepository, and is made available under the terms and conditionsapplicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth athttp://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of-use#LAA
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TL;DR: A critical survey of studies of own-price demand elasticities for labor as a whole and for workers categorized by demographic group, of substitution parameters among workers of different types, and of workers for capital is presented in this paper.
Abstract: The theory of the demand for labor is presented along with a catalog and critique of methods that are used to estimate the parameters that describe empirical labor-demand and substitution possibilities. A critical survey is presented of studies of own-price demand elasticities for labor as a whole and for workers categorized by demographic group, of substitution parameters among workers of different types, and of workers for capital. The main findings are: 1) The long-run constant-output demand elasticity for labor that istreated as homogeneous is between .15 and .5; 2) Own-price demand elasticities are higher for workers that have less general human capital embodied and them; 3) Skilled labor and physical capital are p-complements; and 4) More tentatively, youths and wornenare q-substitutes in production. The implications and importance for policy of these and other results are discussed. Suggestions for improving the literature and narrowing the range of knowledge of the underlying parameters, especially by concentrating more on disaggregated and even microeconornic data, are presented.
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TL;DR: Weiser and Jay as mentioned in this paper showed that the size of plants in export industries is considerably larger than in import-competing industries, and that the scale variable did not show up as significant in the various multiple regressions that included such variables as capital/ labor ratios by industry, proportions of various skill groups, and R&D efforts.
Abstract: Lawrence Weiser and Keith Jay have made an important contribution to our efforts to sort out the relative significance of innovational activities, different types of labor skills, and economies of scale as determinants of the commodity structure of international trade. In particular, they provide new evidence substantiating the importance of technological progress as a basis for the U.S. comparative advantage position as well as support for the view that scale economies should be given greater weight than my study indicated. However, there are still a number of questions and problems to be answered before very firm conclusions can be drawn on these matters. In an effort to disentangle the relative importance of the innovational and skill factors, the authors calculate a measure of technical progress for various U.S. manufacturing industries between 1961 and 1967. However, their estimate of technical progress does not take explicit account of changes in the skill levels of industries during that period. Consequently, one still cannot be sure of the extent to which the measure represents innovational activity versus changes in the quality of labor. Although my study indicates that the size of plants in export industries is considerably larger than in import-competing industries, the scale variable did not show up as significant in the various multiple regressions that included such variables as capital/ labor ratios by industry, proportions of various skill groups, and R&D efforts. However, Weiser and Jay do obtain significant multiple regression results for the scale factor when they use Gary Htifbauer's measure of the scale variable and a different dependent variable than the one I uised. Their dependent variable is the ratio of U.S. exports of each industry to the industry exports of eleven leading exporting countries whereas my dependent variable was adjusted U.S. exports minus adjusted U.S. imports. It should be noted that when they used Hufbauer's scale variable and exports minus imports as the dependent variable, they failed to obtain a significant result for the scale variable. To a considerable extent, therefore, the issue seems to come down to what is the best dependent variable to use. Clearly, if one is interested in the best indicator of export performance (as they are), a variable including imports is not appropriate. However, trade theory should, I think, generally focus on net trade flows rather than just exports or imports since the policy variables in which we usually are concerned are framed in net terms, for example, balance-of-trade or net employment effects of trade policy changes. As the authors are aware, it might well be that their scale variable would not show up as significant if they in some way also included the U.S. world import share by industry as part of their dependent variable. It would be interesting, to extend their analysis of trade patterns along these lines as well as by taking account of skill changes in calculating a measure of technical progress.
351 citations
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27 Oct 2000
TL;DR: Brief documentation of the core model can be downloaded and for the latest model, please see Version 6.1.
Abstract: Brief documentation of the core model can be downloaded. For the latest model, please see Version 6.1. A detailed version history is also available.
339 citations
Cites background from "Capital-labor substitution and econ..."
...Indeed, this is the way the CES functional form was invented (Arrow et al. 1961)....
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TL;DR: In this article, a model embodying the "crowding" hypothesis was used to estimate the effects on white incomes of a reduction in discrimination, and it was shown that whites with only an elementary education might have a once-for-all loss on the order of 10 percent.
Abstract: Discrimination concentrates Negroes into certain occupations while virtually excluding them from others. In the occupations to which Negroes are relegated, marginal productivity may be lowered by the enforced abundance of supply. A model embodying this "crowding" hypothesis is used to estimate the effects on white incomes of a reduction in discrimination. Whites with only an elementary education might have a once-for-all loss on the order of 10 percent; on all other whites and on national income the effect is estimated to be trivial. Formulations by Becker and Thurow concerning Negro marginal productivity and wages are criticized.
338 citations
Cites background from "Capital-labor substitution and econ..."
...10 For characteristics of the CES production function, see Arrow et al. (1961)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the performance of the system by using the information of the user's interaction with the system and the system itself, including the interaction between the two parties.
Abstract: В статье производится анализ агрегированной производственной функции, вводится аппарат, позволяющий различать движение вдоль такой функции от ее сдвигов. На основании сделанных в статье предположений делаются выводы о характере технического прогресса и технологических изменений. Существенное внимание уделяется вариантам применения концепции агрегированной производственной функции.
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01 Jan 1956TL;DR: In this paper, a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War is given, namely: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart
Abstract: Introduction This paper is a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart from the shortterm fluctuations of business cycles, and, if so, what is the significance of these swings? The answers to these three questions, to the extent that they can be given, represent, of course, only a tiny fraction of the historical experience relevant to the problems of growth. Even so, anyone acquainted with their complexity will realize that no one of them, much less all three, can be treated satisfactorily in a short space. I shall have to pronounce upon them somewhat arbitrarily. My ability to deal with them at all is a reflection of one of the more important, though one of the less obvious, of the many aspects of our growing wealth, namely, the accumulation of historical statistics in this country during the last generation. For the most part, the figures which I present or which underlie my qualitative statements are taken directly from tables of estimates of national product, labor force, productivity, and the like compiled by others.
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