Capital-labor substitution and economic efficiency
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the quality of the service provided by the service provider by using the information of the user's interaction with the provider and the provider.
Abstract: Обсуждаются следующие темы: чистая теория производства, функциональное распределение дохода, технический прогресс, источники международных конкурентных преимуществ. Анализируются эластичность замещения между трудом и капиталом в обрабатывающей промышленности; производственные функции различного типа.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a set of 18 indicators to measure progress against SDG 14 for 15 EU coastal countries in the Baltic and the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean since 2012 is presented. And the authors distinguish between a concept of weak and strong sustainability, assuming high and low substitution possibilities, respectively.
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...…for 𝑡 = 2012, 2018(𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡), (1) with weights 𝛼𝑖 > 0 for the individual ratio-scale and full comparable indicators, and the parameter 𝜎 to quantify the elasticity of substitution between the different indicators (Solow 1956, Arrow et al. 1961, Armington 1969, Blackorby and…...
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TL;DR: In this paper, an increase in the range of capital use as a form of mechanization is considered and a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function is dynamically derived from Leontief production functions through the endogenous complementary relationship between capital accumulation and mechanization.
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Cites background from "Capital-labor substitution and econ..."
...A constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function was mathematically derived by Arrow et al. (1961) to consider various elasticities of substitution between capital and labor....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a theoretical framework to study energy-biased technical change considering capital, labor and energy as inputs, and found that technical change is unambiguously energy biased, it increases in every year, and the bias is predominately away from labor.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined Turkish banks and found no significant evidence of economies of scale at output levels near the sample mean, which suggests that the conclusion that a bank does not have to be large in order to be competitive from a cost perspective holds in a less developed country.
Abstract: In this article economies of scale are examined for Turkish banks. The literature on economies of scale in depository institutions is substantial. Yet, virtually all published articles have examined production/costs using data for developed countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Israel. Here we examine data from a country that has an economic system vastly different in terms of per capita productivity. Despite the differences, the results are similar across countries in that we find no significant evidence of economies of scale at output levels near the sample mean. This suggests that the conclusion from examining banks in developed countries—that a bank does not have to be large in order to be competitive from a cost perspective—holds in a less developed country.
25 citations
TL;DR: A broad view of PRA is taken, including any probabilistic approach involving tools like event trees, fault trees, decision trees, and influence diagrams, and event trees can help to decompose the universe of terrorism scenarios.
Abstract: For more than 30 years, probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) has been a major tool for assessing risks and informing risk management decisions by government and businesses in areas as diverse as industrial safety, environmental protection, and medical decision making The more recent application of PRA to terrorism risk is new, however, and not uncontroversial, as evidenced by the commentary by Parnell and colleagues in the December 2008 issue of "Biosecurity and Bioterrorism" The National Research Council on Methodological Improvements to the Department of Homeland Security's Biological Agent Risk Analysis has argued that because of the adaptive nature of the terrorist adversary, alternative tools like decision trees, game theory, and agent-based modeling are needed to assess the risks of terrorist events and that probabilistic risk analysis is not valuable In this commentary, we take a broad view of PRA, including any probabilistic approach involving tools like event trees, fault trees, decision trees, and influence diagrams We make 2 points: (1) PRA is useful to quantify terrorism risk, and (2) event trees can help to decompose the universe of terrorism scenarios
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to improve the performance of the system by using the information of the user's interaction with the system and the system itself, including the interaction between the two parties.
Abstract: В статье производится анализ агрегированной производственной функции, вводится аппарат, позволяющий различать движение вдоль такой функции от ее сдвигов. На основании сделанных в статье предположений делаются выводы о характере технического прогресса и технологических изменений. Существенное внимание уделяется вариантам применения концепции агрегированной производственной функции.
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01 Jan 1956TL;DR: In this paper, a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War is given, namely: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart
Abstract: Introduction This paper is a very brief treatment of three questions relating to the history of our economic growth since the Civil War: (1) How large has been the net increase of aggregate output per capita, and to what extent has this increase been obtained as a result of greater labor or capital input on the one hand and of a rise in productivity on the other? (2) Is there evidence of retardation, or conceivably acceleration, in the growth of per capita output? (3) Have there been fluctuations in the rate of growth of output, apart from the shortterm fluctuations of business cycles, and, if so, what is the significance of these swings? The answers to these three questions, to the extent that they can be given, represent, of course, only a tiny fraction of the historical experience relevant to the problems of growth. Even so, anyone acquainted with their complexity will realize that no one of them, much less all three, can be treated satisfactorily in a short space. I shall have to pronounce upon them somewhat arbitrarily. My ability to deal with them at all is a reflection of one of the more important, though one of the less obvious, of the many aspects of our growing wealth, namely, the accumulation of historical statistics in this country during the last generation. For the most part, the figures which I present or which underlie my qualitative statements are taken directly from tables of estimates of national product, labor force, productivity, and the like compiled by others.
1,031 citations
903 citations