Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes
TL;DR: This tutorial review provides a brief summary of recent research progress on carbon-based electrode materials forsupercapacitors, as well as the importance of electrolytes in the development of supercapacitor technology.
Abstract: This tutorial review provides a brief summary of recent research progress on carbon-based electrode materials for supercapacitors, as well as the importance of electrolytes in the development of supercapacitor technology. The basic principles of supercapacitors, the characteristics and performances of various nanostructured carbon-based electrode materials are discussed. Aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions used in supercapacitors are compared. The trend on future development of high-power and high-energy supercapacitors is analyzed.
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TL;DR: A high-performance Li-ion battery and supercapacitor were successfully assembled for the same electrode material, which was obtained through a one-step and facile large-scale synthesis route, and is promising for next-generation hybrid energy storage and renewable delivery devices.
Abstract: Hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon (HPNC) nanosheets (NS) have been prepared via simultaneous activation and graphitization of biomass-derived natural silk. The as-obtained HPNC-NS show favorable features for electrochemical energy storage such as high specific surface area (SBET: 2494 m2/g), high volume of hierarchical pores (2.28 cm3/g), nanosheet structures, rich N-doping (4.7%), and defects. With respect to the multiple synergistic effects of these features, a lithium-ion battery anode and a two-electrode-based supercapacitor have been prepared. A reversible lithium storage capacity of 1865 mA h/g has been reported, which is the highest for N-doped carbon anode materials to the best of our knowledge. The HPNC-NS supercapacitor’s electrode in ionic liquid electrolytes exhibit a capacitance of 242 F/g and energy density of 102 W h/kg (48 W h/L), with high cycling life stability (9% loss after 10 000 cycles). Thus, a high-performance Li-ion battery and supercapacitors were successfully assembled f...
1,313 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a self-limiting deposition of nanoscale MnO2 on the surface of graphene under microwave irradiation was proposed to synthesize graphene-MnO2 composites.
1,263 citations
Cites background from "Carbon-based materials as supercapa..."
...However, the specific capacitance of activated carbon or porous carbon is often less than 220 F g 1 [39], while functionalized porous carbon with high specific capacitance of 150–300 F g 1 exhibits a poor cycling stability...
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...[39] due to the presence of oxygenated groups contributing to the capacitor instability [4], resulting in an increased series resistance and deterioration of capacitance....
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TL;DR: This work has shown that materials presenting high pseudocapacitence (metal oxides) are incorporated directly into highly conductive nanostructured carbons (carbon nanotubes) in a manner similar to batteries, which enables high energy density but is in general kinetically unfavorable.
Abstract: With the ever-increasing power and energy needs in applications ranging from next-generation plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and modern consumer electronics to microand nanoelectromechanical systems, recent research and development has focused on new electrode materials for advanced energy storage devices. [ 1–5 ] Of the various power source devices, supercapacitors, also known as electrochemical capacitors (ECs), have attracted great interest due to a number of desirable properties, including fast charging and discharging, long cycle life, and the ability to deliver up to ten times more power than conventional batteries. [ 6–10 ] In addition, ECs play an important role in complementing fuel cells in future all-electric vehicles based on clean and renewable energy media. [ 11 ] There are three major types of electrode materials reported for ECs: carbonaceous materials, [ 12 ] metal oxides/hydroxides, [ 13 ] and conducting polymers. [ 14 ] Carbon-based materials store charge electrostatically from the reversible adsorption of ions onto their surfaces, leading to high power delivery at the cost of low energy density. By contrast, metal oxides/hydroxides and conducting polymers store charge in a faradic or redox-type process similar to batteries, which enables high energy density but is in general kinetically unfavorable. To bridge the performance gap between these materials, attempts at novel electrode design have been extensively made. Despite a huge number of publications, nearly all of them can be clarifi ed into one general concept, that is, the use of pseudocapacitive material–conductive matrix hybrid nanostructures. [ 15 , 16 ] In this regard, materials presenting high pseudocapacitence (metal oxides) are incorporated directly into highly conductive nanostructured carbons (carbon nanotubes, [ 17–20 ]
1,256 citations
TL;DR: Several key issues for improving the structure of graphene-based materials and for achieving better capacitor performance, along with the current outlook for the field are discussed.
Abstract: Due to their unique 2D structure and outstanding intrinsic physical properties, such as extraordinarily high electrical conductivity and large surface area, graphene-based materials exhibit great potential for application in supercapacitors. In this review, the progress made so far for their applications in supercapacitors is reviewed, including electrochemical double-layer capacitors, pseudo-capacitors, and asymmetric supercapacitors. Compared with traditional electrode materials, graphene-based materials show some novel characteristics and mechanisms in the process of energy storage and release. Several key issues for improving the structure of graphene-based materials and for achieving better capacitor performance, along with the current outlook for the field, are also discussed.
1,195 citations
TL;DR: High-performance supercapacitors are demonstrated by building a three-dimensional (3D) macroporous structure that consists of chemically modified graphene (CMG) that endows MnO(2)/e-CMG composite electrodes with excellent electrochemical properties.
Abstract: In order to develop energy storage devices with high power and energy densities, electrodes should hold well-defined pathways for efficient ionic and electronic transport. Herein, we demonstrate high-performance supercapacitors by building a three-dimensional (3D) macroporous structure that consists of chemically modified graphene (CMG). These 3D macroporous electrodes, namely, embossed-CMG (e-CMG) films, were fabricated by using polystyrene colloidal particles as a sacrificial template. Furthermore, for further capacitance boost, a thin layer of MnO2 was additionally deposited onto e-CMG. The porous graphene structure with a large surface area facilitates fast ionic transport within the electrode while preserving decent electronic conductivity and thus endows MnO2/e-CMG composite electrodes with excellent electrochemical properties such as a specific capacitance of 389 F/g at 1 A/g and 97.7% capacitance retention upon a current increase to 35 A/g. Moreover, when the MnO2/e-CMG composite electrode was asy...
1,191 citations
Cites background from "Carbon-based materials as supercapa..."
...To address the inferior energy densities of EDLCs, one promising approach would be the construction of heterogeneous structures based on more than one component, which can provide the synergistic effect of individual constituents on both power and energy densities.(4,5,8) Most of works on graphene-based nanocomposites have been achieved by incorporating guest nanoparticles onto 2D graphene sheets....
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...These two parameters are determined mainly by electrodes, and therefore, previous attempts at increasing the capacitance of supercapacitors have dealt extensively with various electrode materials including carbonaceous materials, conducting polymers, transition metal oxides, and their composites.(8) 11 More recently, the development of supercapacitors has focused on the use of graphene, due to its excellent electrical andmechanical properties, chemical stability, high specific surface area up to 2675 m(2)/g, and feasibility for large-scale pro-...
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References
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TL;DR: Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments.
Abstract: Graphene is a rapidly rising star on the horizon of materials science and condensed-matter physics. This strictly two-dimensional material exhibits exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, and, despite its short history, has already revealed a cornucopia of new physics and potential applications, which are briefly discussed here. Whereas one can be certain of the realness of applications only when commercial products appear, graphene no longer requires any further proof of its importance in terms of fundamental physics. Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena, some of which are unobservable in high-energy physics, can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments. More generally, graphene represents a conceptually new class of materials that are only one atom thick, and, on this basis, offers new inroads into low-dimensional physics that has never ceased to surprise and continues to provide a fertile ground for applications.
35,293 citations
TL;DR: This work has shown that combination of pseudo-capacitive nanomaterials, including oxides, nitrides and polymers, with the latest generation of nanostructured lithium electrodes has brought the energy density of electrochemical capacitors closer to that of batteries.
Abstract: Electrochemical capacitors, also called supercapacitors, store energy using either ion adsorption (electrochemical double layer capacitors) or fast surface redox reactions (pseudo-capacitors). They can complement or replace batteries in electrical energy storage and harvesting applications, when high power delivery or uptake is needed. A notable improvement in performance has been achieved through recent advances in understanding charge storage mechanisms and the development of advanced nanostructured materials. The discovery that ion desolvation occurs in pores smaller than the solvated ions has led to higher capacitance for electrochemical double layer capacitors using carbon electrodes with subnanometre pores, and opened the door to designing high-energy density devices using a variety of electrolytes. Combination of pseudo-capacitive nanomaterials, including oxides, nitrides and polymers, with the latest generation of nanostructured lithium electrodes has brought the energy density of electrochemical capacitors closer to that of batteries. The use of carbon nanotubes has further advanced micro-electrochemical capacitors, enabling flexible and adaptable devices to be made. Mathematical modelling and simulation will be the key to success in designing tomorrow's high-energy and high-power devices.
14,213 citations
TL;DR: This review describes some recent developments in the discovery of nanoelectrolytes and nanoeLECTrodes for lithium batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors and the advantages and disadvantages of the nanoscale in materials design for such devices.
Abstract: New materials hold the key to fundamental advances in energy conversion and storage, both of which are vital in order to meet the challenge of global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels. Nanomaterials in particular offer unique properties or combinations of properties as electrodes and electrolytes in a range of energy devices. This review describes some recent developments in the discovery of nanoelectrolytes and nanoelectrodes for lithium batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors. The advantages and disadvantages of the nanoscale in materials design for such devices are highlighted.
8,157 citations
TL;DR: Batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors belong to the same family of energy conversion devices and are needed to service the wide energy requirements of various devices and systems.
Abstract: Electrochemical energy conversion devices are pervasive in our daily lives. Batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors belong to the same family of energy conversion devices. They are all based on the fundamentals of electrochemical thermodynamics and kinetics. All three are needed to service the wide energy requirements of various devices and systems. Neither batteries, fuel cells nor electrochemical capacitors, by themselves, can serve all applications.
6,230 citations
Book•
14 Feb 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the double-layer and surface functionalities at Carbon were investigated and the double layer at Capacitor Electrode Interfaces: its structure and Capacitance.
Abstract: 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 2 Similarities and Differences between Supercapacitors and Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage 3 Energetics and Elements of Kinetics of Electrode Processes 4 Elements of Electrostatics Involved in Treatment of Double-Layers and Ions at Capacitors Electrode Interfaces 5 Behavior of Dielectrics in Capacitors and Theories of Dielectric Polarization 6 The Double-Layer at Capacitor Electrode Interfaces: Its Structure and Capacitance 7 Theoretical Treatment and Modeling of the Double-Layer at Electrode Interfaces 8 Behavior of the Double-Layer in Non-Aqueous Electrolytes and Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Capacitors 9 The Double-Layer and Surface Functionalities at Carbon 10 Electrochemical Capacitors Based on Pseudocapacitance 11 The Electrochemical Behavior of Ruthenium Oxide (RuO2) as a Material for Electrochemical Capacitors 12 Capacitance Behavior of Films Conducting, Electrochemically Reactive Polymers 13 The Electrolyte Factor in Supercapacitor Design and Performance: Conductivity, Ion-Pairing and Solvation 14 Electrochemical Behavior at Porous Electrodes Applications to Capacitors 15 Energy-Density and Power-Density of Electrical Energy Storage Devices 16 AC Impedance Behavior of Electrochemical Capacitors and Other Electrochemical Systems 17 Treatments of Impedance Behavior of Various Circuits and Modeling of Double-Layer Capacitor Frequency Response 18 Self-Discharge of Electrochemical Capacitors in Relation to that of at Batteries 19 Technology Development 20 Patent Survey
4,908 citations