Carbon nanotube/graphene composite for enhanced capacitive deionization performance
TL;DR: In this article, single-walled carbon nanotubes were combined with graphene oxide nanosheets in aqueous dispersion and then chemically reduced to form the Carbon Nanotube/graphene (CNT/G) composite as electrodes for capacitive deionization (CDI).
About: This article is published in Carbon.The article was published on 2013-08-01. It has received 238 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Capacitive deionization & Carbon nanotube.
Citations
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TL;DR: Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging technology for the facile removal of charged ionic species from aqueous solutions, and is currently being widely explored for water desalination applications.
Abstract: Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging technology for the facile removal of charged ionic species from aqueous solutions, and is currently being widely explored for water desalination applications. The technology is based on ion electrosorption at the surface of a pair of electrically charged electrodes, commonly composed of highly porous carbon materials. The CDI community has grown exponentially over the past decade, driving tremendous advances via new cell architectures and system designs, the implementation of ion exchange membranes, and alternative concepts such as flowable carbon electrodes and hybrid systems employing a Faradaic (battery) electrode. Also, vast improvements have been made towards unraveling the complex processes inherent to interfacial electrochemistry, including the modelling of kinetic and equilibrium aspects of the desalination process. In our perspective, we critically review and evaluate the current state-of-the-art of CDI technology and provide definitions and performance metric nomenclature in an effort to unify the fast-growing CDI community. We also provide an outlook on the emerging trends in CDI and propose future research and development directions.
1,219 citations
TL;DR: This critical review assesses the recent developments in the use of graphene-based materials as sorbent or photocatalytic materials for environmental decontamination, as building blocks for next generation water treatment and desalination membranes, and as electrode materials for contaminant monitoring or removal.
Abstract: Graphene-based materials are gaining heightened attention as novel materials for environmental applications The unique physicochemical properties of graphene, notably its exceptionally high surface area, electron mobility, thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength, can lead to novel or improved technologies to address the pressing global environmental challenges This critical review assesses the recent developments in the use of graphene-based materials as sorbent or photocatalytic materials for environmental decontamination, as building blocks for next generation water treatment and desalination membranes, and as electrode materials for contaminant monitoring or removal The most promising areas of research are highlighted, with a discussion of the main challenges that we need to overcome in order to fully realize the exceptional properties of graphene in environmental applications
1,158 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of different fabrication and modification strategies for various innovative graphene oxide-assisted desalination membranes, including freestanding GO membranes, GO-surface modified membranes and casted GO-incorporated membranes, is presented.
496 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, various carbon-based composite electrode materials, including carbon-carbon composites, carbon-metal oxide composite materials, carbonpolymer composites and carbon-polymer-oxide composites are systematically presented.
Abstract: The last five decades have witnessed the rapid development of capacitive deionization (CDI) as a novel, low-cost and environment-friendly desalination technology. During the CDI process, salt ions are sequestered by the porous electrodes once exposed to an electric field. These electrodes, acting as an ion storage container, play a vital role during desalination. In this review, various carbon-based composite electrode materials, including carbon–carbon composites, carbon–metal oxide composites, carbon–polymer composites and carbon–polymer–metal oxide composites, are systematically presented. Applications of these carbon-based composite materials for the removal of the salt ions from solution are demonstrated and they exhibit improved CDI performances compared with pristine carbon electrodes.
309 citations
TL;DR: Carbon materials for electrodes of capacitive deionization (CDI) process are reviewed in this article, where the feasibility of CDI techniques is discussed on the basis of the experimental results reported.
Abstract: Carbon materials for electrodes of capacitive deionization (CDI) process are reviewed. Electrochemical cells are briefly explained by classifying into conventional, membrane and flow-electrode CDI cells. CDI performance of carbon materials, porous carbons, including activated carbons (ACs), activated carbon fibers (ACFs), templated nanoporous carbons, carbon aerogels, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and graphenes, have been reviewed in detail. The feasibility of CDI techniques is then discussed on the basis of the experimental results reported.
263 citations
References
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TL;DR: Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments.
Abstract: Graphene is a rapidly rising star on the horizon of materials science and condensed-matter physics. This strictly two-dimensional material exhibits exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, and, despite its short history, has already revealed a cornucopia of new physics and potential applications, which are briefly discussed here. Whereas one can be certain of the realness of applications only when commercial products appear, graphene no longer requires any further proof of its importance in terms of fundamental physics. Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena, some of which are unobservable in high-energy physics, can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments. More generally, graphene represents a conceptually new class of materials that are only one atom thick, and, on this basis, offers new inroads into low-dimensional physics that has never ceased to surprise and continues to provide a fertile ground for applications.
35,293 citations
"Carbon nanotube/graphene composite ..." refers background in this paper
...[16] Geim AK, Novoselov KS....
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...Owing to its planar nano structure, which consists of a sp carbon network, graphene possesses unprecedented electrical, thermal and mechanical properties [16–21]....
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26,456 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a colloidal suspension of exfoliated graphene oxide sheets in water with hydrazine hydrate results in their aggregation and subsequent formation of a high surface area carbon material which consists of thin graphene-based sheets.
12,756 citations
"Carbon nanotube/graphene composite ..." refers background or methods or result in this paper
...18 after reduction, which is consistent with data in previous reports [23,25]....
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...[23] Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Piner RD, Kohlhaas KA, Kleinhammes A, Jia Y, et al....
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...Graphene, produced by this method possesses reasonably high quality [18,23–25], and has been given a variety of names, including reduced graphene oxide (r-GO), chemically-reduced graphene (CReGO) and graphene [26]....
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...The absence of charging during the FE-SEM imaging suggests that both graphene and the CNT/G composite are electrically conductive [23]....
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TL;DR: This review will be of value to synthetic chemists interested in this emerging field of materials science, as well as those investigating applications of graphene who would find a more thorough treatment of the chemistry of graphene oxide useful in understanding the scope and limitations of current approaches which utilize this material.
Abstract: The chemistry of graphene oxide is discussed in this critical review Particular emphasis is directed toward the synthesis of graphene oxide, as well as its structure Graphene oxide as a substrate for a variety of chemical transformations, including its reduction to graphene-like materials, is also discussed This review will be of value to synthetic chemists interested in this emerging field of materials science, as well as those investigating applications of graphene who would find a more thorough treatment of the chemistry of graphene oxide useful in understanding the scope and limitations of current approaches which utilize this material (91 references)
10,126 citations
"Carbon nanotube/graphene composite ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Therefore, the accessible surface area, conductivity and specific capacitance of graphene remain far below the anticipated theoretical values of individual graphene sheets [12,25,26]....
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...[26] Dreyer DR, Park S, Bielawski CW, Ruoff RS....
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...1 – Illustration of the CNT/G c hydrophilic hydroxyl, epoxides and carboxyl functional groups on their basal planes and edges, GO sheets are welldispersed in water [26]....
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...Graphene, produced by this method possesses reasonably high quality [18,23–25], and has been given a variety of names, including reduced graphene oxide (r-GO), chemically-reduced graphene (CReGO) and graphene [26]....
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TL;DR: The use of colloidal suspensions to produce new materials composed of graphene and chemically modified graphene is reviewed, which is both versatile and scalable, and is adaptable to a wide variety of applications.
Abstract: Interest in graphene centres on its excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties, its very high specific surface area, and our ability to influence these properties through chemical functionalization. There are a number of methods for generating graphene and chemically modified graphene from graphite and derivatives of graphite, each with different advantages and disadvantages. Here we review the use of colloidal suspensions to produce new materials composed of graphene and chemically modified graphene. This approach is both versatile and scalable, and is adaptable to a wide variety of applications.
6,178 citations
"Carbon nanotube/graphene composite ..." refers methods in this paper
...[24] Park S, Ruoff RS....
[...]
...Graphene, produced by this method possesses reasonably high quality [18,23–25], and has been given a variety of names, including reduced graphene oxide (r-GO), chemically-reduced graphene (CReGO) and graphene [26]....
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