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Journal ArticleDOI

Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications

02 Aug 2002-Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)-Vol. 297, Iss: 5582, pp 787-792
TL;DR: Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects.
Abstract: Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects. Some of these applications are now realized in products. Others are demonstrated in early to advanced devices, and one, hydrogen storage, is clouded by controversy. Nanotube cost, polydispersity in nanotube type, and limitations in processing and assembly methods are important barriers for some applications of single-walled nanotubes.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2008-Carbon
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the absorption of energy from microwave frequency electromagnetic fields by carbon nanotubes by measuring the heating rate of dispersions of carbon Nanotubes in silicone oil.

128 citations


Cites background from "Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward ..."

  • ...For bulk applications, nanotubes can be incorporated into a matrix, and the properties of polymer based carbon nanotube composite materials are a developed example [4,5]....

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  • ...[4] Baughman RH, Zakhidov AV, de Heer WA....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The applicability of the biosensor was demonstrated for direct, rapid, and selective detection of V-type nerve agents' mimic demeton-S, and the selectivity of the sensor against interferences and application to spiked lake water samples was demonstrated.
Abstract: An enzyme electrode for the detection of V-type nerve agents, VX (O-ethyl-S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioate) and R-VX (O-isobutyl-S-2-diethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioate), is proposed. The principle of the new biosensor is based on the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the nerve agents and amperometric detection of the thiol-containing hydrolysis products at carbon nanotube-modified screen-printed electrodes. Demeton-S was used as a nerve agent mimic. 2-(Diethylamino)ethanethiol (DEAET) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol (DMAET), the thiol-containing hydrolysis product and hydrolysis product mimic of R-VX and VX, respectively, were monitored by exploiting the electrocatalytic activity of carbon nanotubes (CNT). As low as 2 μM DMAET and 0.8 μM DEAET were detected selectively at a low applied potential of 0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl at a CNT-modified mediator-free amperometric electrode. Further, the large surface area and the hydrophobicity of CNT was used to immobilize organophosphorus hydrolase mutan...

128 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The potential industrial utility of cellulose and lignin-based specialty materials such as cellulose fiber, bacterial cellulose, epoxides, polyolefins, phenolic resins, bioplastics are discussed in this article.
Abstract: Lignocellulosic feedstocks are gaining increased popularity for novel industrial applications because of their availability and bio-renewability. Using lignocellulosic materials, especially from agricultural and forestry sectors could help reduce the over-dependence on petrochemical resources while providing a sustainable waste management alternative. This review aims to describe the chemistry of different components of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractives and ash). Besides, many novel industrial applications of lignocellulosic biomass have been comprehensively described, which includes biorefining for biofuel and biochemical production, biomedical, cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals, bioplastics, multifunctional carbon materials and other eco-friendly specialty products. The production and applications of lignocellulose-derived carbon materials such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, etc. have been highlighted. The potential industrial utility of cellulose and lignin-based specialty materials such as cellulose fiber, bacterial cellulose, epoxides, polyolefins, phenolic resins, bioplastics are discussed in this review. The cutting-edge industrial utilization of lignocellulosic biomass described in this review suggests its major role in establishing a circular bioeconomy that consists of innovative design and advanced production methods to facilitate industrial recovery and reuse of waste materials beyond biofuel and biochemical production.

127 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2011-Carbon
TL;DR: In this article, a stable aqueous dispersion of hydrophobic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and amphiphilic graphene oxide (GO) nano-sheets was produced by sonication mixing without assistance of any surfactant.

127 citations


Cites background from "Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward ..."

  • ...2007; 6: 183-91 [4] Baughman RH, Zakhidov AA, De Heer WA....

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  • ...Owing to their extraordinary electrical, mechanical, physical, and structural properties, both nanocarbon materials have attracted tremendous attention for fundamental research and applications in nanoelectronics [1-5], supercapacitors [6-7], biosensors [8-11], solar cells [12-13], and transparent electrodes [14-16]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of catalyst film thickness on carbon nanostructures grown by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition from acetylene and ammonia mixtures was investigated.
Abstract: A systematic study is presented of the influence of catalyst film thickness on carbon nanostructures grown by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition from acetylene and ammonia mixtures We show that reducing the Fe∕Co catalyst film thickness below 3nm causes a transition from larger diameter (>40nm), bamboolike carbon nanofibers to small diameter (∼5nm) multiwalled nanotubes with two to five walls This is accompanied by a more than 50 times faster growth rate and a faster catalyst poisoning Thin Ni catalyst films only trigger such a growth transition when pretreated with an ammonia plasma We observe a limited correlation between this growth transition and the coarsening of the catalyst film before deposition For a growth temperature of ⩽550°C, all catalysts showed mainly a tip growth regime and a similar activity on untreated silicon, oxidized silicon, and silicon nitride support

127 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
28 Jan 2000-Science
TL;DR: The nanotubes sensors exhibit a fast response and a substantially higher sensitivity than that of existing solid-state sensors at room temperature and the mechanisms of molecular sensing with nanotube molecular wires are investigated.
Abstract: Chemical sensors based on individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are demonstrated. Upon exposure to gaseous molecules such as NO 2 or NH 3 , the electrical resistance of a semiconducting SWNT is found to dramatically increase or decrease. This serves as the basis for nanotube molecular sensors. The nanotube sensors exhibit a fast response and a substantially higher sensitivity than that of existing solid-state sensors at room temperature. Sensor reversibility is achieved by slow recovery under ambient conditions or by heating to high temperatures. The interactions between molecular species and SWNTs and the mechanisms of molecular sensing with nanotube molecular wires are investigated.

5,908 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1998-Nature
TL;DR: In this paper, the fabrication of a three-terminal switching device at the level of a single molecule represents an important step towards molecular electronics and has attracted much interest, particularly because it could lead to new miniaturization strategies in the electronics and computer industry.
Abstract: The use of individual molecules as functional electronic devices was first proposed in the 1970s (ref 1) Since then, molecular electronics2,3 has attracted much interest, particularly because it could lead to conceptually new miniaturization strategies in the electronics and computer industry The realization of single-molecule devices has remained challenging, largely owing to difficulties in achieving electrical contact to individual molecules Recent advances in nanotechnology, however, have resulted in electrical measurements on single molecules4,5,6,7 Here we report the fabrication of a field-effect transistor—a three-terminal switching device—that consists of one semiconducting8,9,10 single-wall carbon nanotube11,12 connected to two metal electrodes By applying a voltage to a gate electrode, the nanotube can be switched from a conducting to an insulating state We have previously reported5 similar behaviour for a metallic single-wall carbon nanotube operated at extremely low temperatures The present device, in contrast, operates at room temperature, thereby meeting an important requirement for potential practical applications Electrical measurements on the nanotube transistor indicate that its operation characteristics can be qualitatively described by the semiclassical band-bending models currently used for traditional semiconductor devices The fabrication of the three-terminal switching device at the level of a single molecule represents an important step towards molecular electronics

5,258 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 Jul 1996-Science
TL;DR: X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy showed that fullerene single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) are nearly uniform in diameter and that they self-organize into “ropes,” which consist of 100 to 500 SWNTs in a two-dimensional triangular lattice with a lattice constant of 17 angstroms.
Abstract: The major part of this chapter has already appeared in [1], but because of the length restrictions (in Science), the discussion on why we think this form is given in only brief detail. This chapter goes into more depth to try to answer the questions of why the fullerenes form themselves. This is another example of the very special behavior of carbon. From a chemist’s standpoint, it is carbon’s ability to form multiple bonds that allows it to make these low dimensional forms rather than to produce tetrahedral forms. Carbon can readily accomplish this and it is in the mathematics and physics of the way this universe was put together, that carbon is given this property. One of the consequences of this property is that, if left to its own devices as carbon condenses from the vapor and if the temperature range is just right, above 1000°C, but lower than 1400°C, there is an efficient self-assembly process whose endpoint is C60.

5,215 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 Sep 1997-Science
TL;DR: In this paper, the Young's modulus, strength, and toughness of nanostructures are evaluated using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) approach. And the results showed that the strength of the SiC NRs were substantially greater than those found previously for larger SiC structures, and they approach theoretical values.
Abstract: The Young's modulus, strength, and toughness of nanostructures are important to proposed applications ranging from nanocomposites to probe microscopy, yet there is little direct knowledge of these key mechanical properties. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine the mechanical properties of individual, structurally isolated silicon carbide (SiC) nanorods (NRs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) that were pinned at one end to molybdenum disulfide surfaces. The bending force was measured versus displacement along the unpinned lengths. The MWNTs were about two times as stiff as the SiC NRs. Continued bending of the SiC NRs ultimately led to fracture, whereas the MWNTs exhibited an interesting elastic buckling process. The strengths of the SiC NRs were substantially greater than those found previously for larger SiC structures, and they approach theoretical values. Because of buckling, the ultimate strengths of the stiffer MWNTs were less than those of the SiC NRs, although the MWNTs represent a uniquely tough, energy-absorbing material.

4,627 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The thermal conductivity and thermoelectric power of a single carbon nanotube were measured using a microfabricated suspended device and shows linear temperature dependence with a value of 80 microV/K at room temperature.
Abstract: The thermal conductivity and thermoelectric power of a single carbon nanotube were measured using a microfabricated suspended device. The observed thermal conductivity is more than 3000 W/K m at room temperature, which is 2 orders of magnitude higher than the estimation from previous experiments that used macroscopic mat samples. The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of nanotubes exhibits a peak at 320 K due to the onset of umklapp phonon scattering. The measured thermoelectric power shows linear temperature dependence with a value of 80 microV/K at room temperature.

3,166 citations