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Journal ArticleDOI

Carbon sequestration and annual increase of carbon stock in a mangrove forest

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that carbon stock is lower in the tropical mangrove forest than in the terrestrial tropical forest and their annual increase exhibits faster turn over than the tropical forest.
About: This article is published in Atmospheric Environment.The article was published on 2011-09-01. It has received 170 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Carbon sequestration & Biomass.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Of immediate concern are potential carbon losses to deforestation that are greater than these ecosystems' rates of carbon storage, and large reservoirs of dissolved inorganic carbon in deep soils are a large loss of carbon.
Abstract: Mangroves are ecologically and economically important forests of the tropics. They are highly productive ecosystems with rates of primary production equal to those of tropical humid evergreen forests and coral reefs. Although mangroves occupy only 0.5% of the global coastal area, they contribute 10–15% (24 Tg C y−1) to coastal sediment carbon storage and export 10–11% of the particulate terrestrial carbon to the ocean. Their disproportionate contribution to carbon sequestration is now perceived as a means for conservation and restoration and a way to help ameliorate greenhouse gas emissions. Of immediate concern are potential carbon losses to deforestation (90–970 Tg C y−1) that are greater than these ecosystems' rates of carbon storage. Large reservoirs of dissolved inorganic carbon in deep soils, pumped via subsurface pathways to adjacent waterways, are a large loss of carbon, at a potential rate up to 40% of annual primary production. Patterns of carbon allocation and rates of carbon flux in mangrove f...

890 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Mangroves are among the most carbon-rich biomes, containing an average of 937 tC ha-1, facilitating the accumulation of fine particles, and fostering rapid rates of sediment accretion (∼5 mm year -1) and carbon burial (174 gC m-2 year −1).
Abstract: Mangrove forests are highly productive, with carbon production rates equivalent to tropical humid forests. Mangroves allocate proportionally more carbon belowground, and have higher below- to above-ground carbon mass ratios than terrestrial trees. Most mangrove carbon is stored as large pools in soil and dead roots. Mangroves are among the most carbon-rich biomes, containing an average of 937 tC ha-1, facilitating the accumulation of fine particles, and fostering rapid rates of sediment accretion (∼5 mm year -1) and carbon burial (174 gC m-2 year -1). Mangroves account for only approximately 1% (13.5 Gt year -1) of carbon sequestration by the world’s forests, but as coastal habitats they account for 14% of carbon sequestration by the global ocean. If mangrove carbon stocks are disturbed, resultant gas emissions may be very high. Irrespective of uncertainties and the unique nature of implementing REDD+ and Blue Carbon projects, mangroves are prime ecosystems for reforestation and restoration.

541 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the results of a field-based carbon stock assessment of aboveground, belowground and sediment organic carbon stock to a depth of 1'm at Chek Jawa, Singapore.
Abstract: Intertidal habitats provide numerous ecosystem services, including the sequestration and storage of carbon, a topic of great recent interest owing to land-cover transitions and climate change. Mangrove forests and seagrass meadows form a continuum of intertidal habitats, alongside unvegetated mudflats and sandbars, however, studies that consider carbon stocks across these spatially-linked, threatened ecosystems are limited world-wide. This paper presents the results of a field-based carbon stock assessment of aboveground, belowground and sediment organic carbon stock to a depth of 1 m at Chek Jawa, Singapore. It is the first study of ecosystem carbon stocks of both vegetated and unvegetated intertidal habitats in the tropics. Ecosystem carbon stocks were 497 Mg C ha-1 in the mangrove forest and 138 Mg C ha-1 in the seagrass meadow. Sediment organic carbon stock dominated the total storage in both habitats, constituting 62% and >99% in the mangrove forest and seagrass meadow, respectively. In the adjacent mudflat and sandbars, which had no vegetative components, sediment organic carbon stock ranged from 124–143 Mg C ha-1, suggesting that unvegetated habitats have a carbon storage role on the same order of importance as seagrass meadows. This study reinforces the importance of sediment in carbon storage within the intertidal ecosystem, and demonstrates the need to consider unvegetated habitats in intertidal ‘blue carbon’ stock assessments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

103 citations


Cites background from "Carbon sequestration and annual inc..."

  • ...Aboveground and belowground organic carbon stocks at Chek Jawa mangrove forest (190±30Mg C ha) were above the median AGC and BGC (140±35Mg C ha) reported for mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific region (Donato et al., 2011; Kauffman et al., 2011; Ray et al., 2011; Adame et al., 2013; Jones et al., 2014; Kauffman et al., 2014; Sitoe et al., 2014; Thompson et al., 2014; Tue et al., 2014), perhaps a result of the larger stature and denser mangrove forest stand at Chek Jawa....

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  • ...…Corg in the Indo-Pacific mangrove forests was 7.4 ± 2.5% while Corg at Chek Jawa mangrove forest was 4.5 ± 0.4% (Donato et al., 2011; Kauffman et al., 2011; Ray et al., 2011; Adame et al., 2013; Jones et al., 2014; Kauffman et al., 2014; Sitoe et al., 2014; Thompson et al., 2014; Tue et al., 2014)....

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  • ...…above the median AGC and BGC (140±35Mg C ha-1) reported for mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific region (Donato et al., 2011; Kauffman et al., 2011; Ray et al., 2011; Adame et al., 2013; Jones et al., 2014; Kauffman et al., 2014; Sitoe et al., 2014; Thompson et al., 2014; Tue et al., 2014),…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Singapore has undergone rapid urbanization after its independence in 1965, with a concomitant decline in natural habitat extent and accessibility, though mangroves still play an important cultural role in a heavily urbanized environment.
Abstract: Cultural ecosystem services are a function of people and place, so may change as a location transitions from rural to urban. Singapore has undergone rapid urbanization after its independence in 1965, with a concomitant decline in natural habitat extent and accessibility. Using coastal mangrove forests as a case study habitat, changing cultural values were explored with a novel array of techniques, including qualitative archival analysis (photographs, oral histories), current sources (publically uploaded social media photographs), and surveys of (a) the general public and (b) visitors to publically accessible mangroves. Cultural value changed through time, with a significant transition from intrinsic, intrapersonal values (spiritual, cultural heritage) to instrumental, interpersonal values (recreation, education). Additionally, cultural value varied between different mangroves depending on their public accessibility, and the evolving degree of human interaction with the ecosystem as urban development occured. Cultural values change as development transitions, though mangroves still play an important cultural role in a heavily urbanized environment.

99 citations


Cites background from "Carbon sequestration and annual inc..."

  • ...The often intangible nature of cultural ecosystem services also makes it difficult to quantify how their values may change through time, compared to tangible provisioning and regulating ecosystem services (e.g., Ray et al. 2011)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
21 Jan 2014-Forests
TL;DR: This work focuses on Ambaro and Ambanja bays in Madagascar, presenting dynamics calculated using United States Geological Survey national-level mangrove maps and the first localized satellite imagery derived map of dominant land-cover types.
Abstract: Mangroves are found throughout the tropics, providing critical ecosystem goods and services to coastal communities and supporting rich biodiversity. Despite their value, world-wide, mangroves are being rapidly degraded and deforested. Madagascar contains approximately 2% of the world's mangroves, >20% of which has been deforested since 1990 from increased extraction for charcoal and timber and conversion to small to large-scale agriculture and aquaculture. Loss is particularly prominent in the northwestern Ambaro and Ambanja bays. Here, we focus on Ambaro and Ambanja bays, presenting dynamics calculated using United States Geological Survey (USGS) national-level mangrove maps and the first localized satellite imagery derived map of dominant land-cover types. The analysis of USGS data indicated a loss of 7659 ha (23.7%) and a gain of 995 ha (3.1%) from 1990-2010. Contemporary mapping results were 93.4% accurate overall (Kappa 0.9), with producer's and user's accuracies ≥85%. Classification results allowed partitioning mangroves in to ecologically meaningful, spectrally distinct strata, wherein field measurements facilitated estimating the first total carbon stocks for mangroves in Madagascar. Estimates suggest that higher stature closed-canopy mangroves have average total vegetation carbon values of 146.8 Mg/ha (±10.2) and soil organic

99 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Alkalinity measurements are used in the interpretation and control of water and wastewater treatment processes and can be interpreted in terms of specific substances only when the chemical composition of the sample is known.
Abstract: 1. Discussion Alkalinity of a water is its acid-neutralizing capacity. It is the sum of all the titratable bases. The measured value may vary significantly with the end-point pH used. Alkalinity is a measure of an aggregate property of water and can be interpreted in terms of specific substances only when the chemical composition of the sample is known. Alkalinity is significant in many uses and treatments of natural waters and wastewaters. Because the alkalinity of many surface waters is primarily a function of carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide content, it is taken as an indication of the concentration of these constitutents. The measured values also may include contributions from borates, phosphates, silicates, or other bases if these are present. Alkalinity in excess of alkaline earth metal concentrations is significant in determining the suitability of a water for irrigation. Alkalinity measurements are used in the interpretation and control of water and wastewater treatment processes. Raw domestic wastewater has an alkalinity less than, or only slightly greater than, that of the water supply. Properly operating anaerobic digesters typically have supernatant alkalinities in the range of 2000 to 4000 mg calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/L. 1

7,510 citations

BookDOI
27 Jan 1999
TL;DR: The Automatic Determination of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) by Wet Chemical Oxidation is described in this paper, along with the results of HPLC analysis of photosynthetic pigments.
Abstract: Sampling and Sampling Techniques. Filtration and Storage. Determination of Salinity. Determination of Oxygen. Determination of Hydrogen Sulphide. Determination of Thiosulphate and Sulfur. Determination of pH. Determination of Alkalinity and Total Carbonate. Determination of pCO2. Determination of Nutrients. Determination of Major Constituents. Determination of Trace Elements. Determination of Natural Radioactive Tracers. In Situ Registration of pH and Oxygen. Determination of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) by High Temperature Combustion. The Automatic Determination of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) by Wet Chemical Oxidation. Determination of Particulate Organic Carbon and Nitrogen. Preparation of Lipophilic Organic Seawater Concentrates. Adsorption Chromatography of Organic Seawater Concentrates. Clean-up of Organic Seawater Concentrates by HPLC. Fluorimetric Determination of Dissolved Petroleum Residues. Determination of Selected Organochlorines in Seawater. Determination of Volatile Halocarbons in Seawater. Determination of Dimethlysulfide. Determination of Marine Humics. Determination of Amino Acids and Carbohydrates. HPLC Analysis of Photosynthetic Pigments.

7,247 citations

Book
31 Mar 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on one major aspect of cloud microphysics, which involves the processes that lead to the formation of individual cloud and precipitation particles, and provide an account of the major characteristics of atmospheric aerosol particles.
Abstract: Cloud physics has achieved such a voluminous literature over the past few decades that a significant quantitative study of the entire field would prove unwieldy. This book concentrates on one major aspect: cloud microphysics, which involves the processes that lead to the formation of individual cloud and precipitation particles. Common practice has shown that one may distinguish among the following additional major aspects: cloud dynamics, which is concerned with the physics responsible for the macroscopic features of clouds; cloud electricity, which deals with the electrical structure of clouds and the electrification processes of cloud and precipitation particles; and cloud optics and radar meteorology, which describe the effects of electromagnetic waves interacting with clouds and precipitation. Another field intimately related to cloud physics is atmospheric chemistry, which involves the chemical composition of the atmosphere and the life cycle and characteristics of its gaseous and particulate constituents. In view of the natural interdependence of the various aspects of cloud physics, the subject of microphysics cannot be discussed very meaningfully out of context. Therefore, we have found it necessary to touch briefly upon a few simple and basic concepts of cloud dynamics and thermodynamics, and to provide an account of the major characteristics of atmospheric aerosol particles. We have also included a separate chapter on some of the effects of electric fields and charges on the precipitation-forming processes.

5,427 citations

01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: Piper as discussed by the authors presents a survey of methods for soil and plant analysis, with a focus on a specific analysis or group of related analyses, and gives the working details of all or nearly all the existing methods.
Abstract: BOOKS on methods of analysis can be divided into two classes, one of which is the ‘collected methods’ type. Here each chapter or section of the book is devoted to a specific analysis or group of related analyses, and gives the working details of all or nearly all the existing methods. Such books are not only very useful and convenient but also are a necessity for those analysts to whom the original papers in the literature are not easily accessible. It is, however, the other class of book that the analyst most appreciates, namely, the book in which he is not bewildered by an array of methods but is presented with a selection recommended from considerable experience. Dr. Piper has compiled his book along these lines, and all the methods, with a very few exceptions, are those in use at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute. Concise, and more important still, precise working details are given with ample explanation and a wealth of guidance and help.Soil and Plant AnalysisA Laboratory Manual of Methods for the Examination of Soils and the Determination of the Inorganic Constituents of Plants. By Dr. C. S. Piper. (A Monograph from the Waite Agricultural Research Institute.) Pp. xiv + 368. (Adelaide: University of Adelaide, 1942.) 15s.

4,022 citations

Book
01 Jan 1944

3,194 citations