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Journal ArticleDOI

Carbon slit pore model incorporating surface energetical heterogeneity and geometrical corrugation

TL;DR: Jagiello et al. as discussed by the authors proposed an EH-GC surface model for carbon pores and applied the new model to the pore size analysis of porous carbons that had given poor results when analyzed using the standard slit pore model.
Abstract: In our recent paper (Jagiello and Olivier, Carbon 55:70–80, 2013) we considered introducing energetical heterogeneity (EH) and geometrical corrugation (GC) to the pore walls of the standard carbon slit pore model. We treated these two effects independently and we found that each of them provides significant improvement to the carbon model. The present work is a continuation of the previous one, as we include both effects in one comprehensive model. The existing standard slit pore model widely used for the characterization of activated carbons assumes graphite-like energetically uniform pore walls. As a result of this assumption adsorption isotherms calculated by the non-local density functional theory (NLDFT) do not fit accurately the experimental N2 data measured for real activated carbons. Assuming a graphene-based structure for activated carbons and using a two-dimensional-NLDFT treatment of the fluid density in the pores we present energetically heterogeneous and geometrically corrugated (EH–GC) surface model for carbon pores. Some parameters of the model were obtained by fitting the model to the reference adsorption data for non-graphitized carbon black. For testing, we applied the new model to the pore size analysis of porous carbons that had given poor results when analyzed using the standard slit pore model. We obtained an excellent fit of the new model to the experimental data and we found that the typical artifacts of the standard model were eliminated.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employed N2, Kr and CO2 gases to correctly assess the changes in hard carbon porosity induced by different pyrolysis temperature of cellulose.

201 citations


Cites methods from "Carbon slit pore model incorporatin..."

  • ...The micropore pore size distributions (PSD) were determined from the adsorption branch of isotherms using the 2D NLDFT heterogeneous surface model for carbon materials for N2 and CO2 gases implemented in SAIEUS (Micromeritics) [30,31]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: N2 adsorption measurements suggested that ultra-micropores enhance the reduction of CO2 to CH4, and it is proposed that the positively charged sites on the carbon atoms, adjacent to pyridinic nitrogen, stabilize the CO2 and COOH* intermediates, promoting the formation of CO.
Abstract: S-doped and dual S,N-doped polymer-derived carbons were studied as electrocatalysts for the reduction of CO2. Higher Faradaic efficiencies for conversion to CO and CH4 were obtained for S,N-doped carbon than its S-doped counterpart. The former showed a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 11.3% for CO and 0.18% for CH4 formation. The S,N-nanoporous carbon was better at decreasing the overpotential of the reduction process. The pyridinic nitrogen groups were found to be actively participating in binding CO2. The quaternary nitrogen and thiophenic groups were also involved in the reduction process. It is proposed that the positively charged sites on the carbon atoms, adjacent to pyridinic nitrogen, stabilize the CO2(.-) and COOH* intermediates, promoting the formation of CO. The surface basicity of the catalysts improved the CO2 reduction selectivity when competing with H2 evolution. N2 adsorption measurements suggested that ultra-micropores enhance the reduction of CO2 to CH4.

141 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using a scalable nanoporous graphene synthesis method involving an annealing process in hydrogen, supercapacitors with highly porous graphene electrodes capable of achieving not only a high power density and Coulombic efficiency, but also a high energy density are shown.
Abstract: Supercapacitors, based on fast ion transportation, are specialized to provide high power, long stability, and efficient energy storage using highly porous electrode materials. However, their low energy density excludes them from many potential applications that require both high energy density and high power density performances. Using a scalable nanoporous graphene synthesis method involving an annealing process in hydrogen, here we show supercapacitors with highly porous graphene electrodes capable of achieving not only a high power density of 41 kW kg-1 and a Coulombic efficiency of 97.5%, but also a high energy density of 148.75 Wh kg-1. A high specific gravimetric and volumetric capacitance (306.03 F g-1 and 64.27 F cm-3) are demonstrated. The devices can retain almost 100% capacitance after 7000 charging/discharging cycles at a current density of 8 A g-1. The superior performance of supercapacitors is attributed to their ideal pore size, pore uniformity, and good ion accessibility of the synthesized graphene.

140 citations


Cites methods from "Carbon slit pore model incorporatin..."

  • ...To derive a meaningful micropore size distribution, the nitrogen adsorption isotherm is analyzed with a heterogeneous slit NLDFT model using SAIEUS software package [37, 38]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2015-Carbon
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified one-pot Stober synthesis in the presence of potassium oxalate was used to obtain high microporous carbon spheres for CO2 adsorption.

124 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2015-Carbon
TL;DR: In this article, the capacitance of Burley carbons with narrow pore size distribution has been investigated in supercapacitors using 1 ǫ L−1 aqueous Li2SO4 or 1ǫ l−1 TEABF4 in acetonitrile.

121 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A free-energy density functional for the inhomogeneous hard-sphere fluid mixture is derived from general basic considerations and yields explicit analytic expressions for the high-order direct correlation functions of the uniform fluid.
Abstract: A free-energy density functional for the inhomogeneous hard-sphere fluid mixture is derived from general basic considerations and yields explicit analytic expressions for the high-order direct correlation functions of the uniform fluid. It provides the first unified derivation of the most comprehensive available analytic description of the hard-sphere thermodynamics and pair structure as given by the scaled-particle and Percus-Yevick theories. The infinite-order expansion around a uniform reference state does not lead, however, to a stable solid, thus questioning the convergence of the density-functional theory of freezing.

1,389 citations


"Carbon slit pore model incorporatin..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…fluid theories such as non-local DFT (NLDFT) (Tarazona 1985, 1987; Lastoskie et al. 1993; Olivier et al. 1994) and the fundamental measure theory (Rosenfeld 1989) as well as grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations (GCMC) (Samios et al. 1997; López-Ramón et al. 1997; Ravikovitch et al. 2000;…...

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  • ...1994) and the fundamental measure theory (Rosenfeld 1989) as well as grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations (GCMC) (Samios et al....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential energy of a gas atom interacting with a solid having a surface made up of single type of exposed lattice plane can be expressed as a Fourier series in the position variables in the plane parallel to the surface.

1,379 citations


"Carbon slit pore model incorporatin..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The solid–fluid interaction potential in this model was described by the closed form formula (Steele 1973)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the pore size distribution of porous sorbents is determined by fitting the correlation of the experimental adsorption isotherm of the sorbent to the mean field density functional theory.
Abstract: We present an improved method, based upon density functional theory, for the determination of the pore size distribution (PSD) of porous sorbents. The adsorption isotherms predicted by nonlocal mean field theory for individual slit pores are correlated as a function of pressure and pore width. The PSD is then calculated by fitting this correlation to the experimental adsorption isotherm of the sorbent. We apply the analysis method to adsorption data for nitrogen on several porous carbons. In this application, the porous network is modeled as a continuous size distribution of noninteracting slit-shaped graphitic pores. The PSDs obtained by using the Kelvin equation and using the local and nonlocal versions of the mean field density functional theory are compared and evaluated. The results demonstrate that nonlocal theory provides a more accurate interpretation of the PSD than previous methods have achieved, particularly when the analysis is applied to highly microporous sorbents.

1,077 citations


"Carbon slit pore model incorporatin..." refers methods or result in this paper

  • ...…(Evans and Tarazona 1984) this approach was then refined by using more advanced fluid theories such as non-local DFT (NLDFT) (Tarazona 1985, 1987; Lastoskie et al. 1993; Olivier et al. 1994) and the fundamental measure theory (Rosenfeld 1989) as well as grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations…...

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  • ...Application of molecular models was initiated using density functional theory (DFT) in its local version (Evans and Tarazona 1984) this approach was then refined by using more advanced fluid theories such as non-local DFT (NLDFT) (Tarazona 1985, 1987; Lastoskie et al. 1993; Olivier et al. 1994) and the fundamental measure theory (Rosenfeld 1989) as well as grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations (GCMC) (Samios et al....

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  • ...1 we also included the standard NLDFT model isotherm to show the dramatic difference in shape and values between that isotherm and the BP 280 data....

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  • ...As a result of this assumption adsorption isotherms calculated by the non-local density functional theory (NLDFT) do not fit accurately the experimental N2 data measured for real activated carbons....

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  • ...We use values of the LJ interaction parameters that were previously reported (Jagiello et al. 2011) and that are very similar to those used by other authors (Lastoskie et al. 1993; Ravikovitch et al. 2000)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons form two distinct and well-defined classes, and that the differences in structure are apparent from the earliest stages of carbonization, and may be attributed mainly to the formation at low temperatures, in the nongraphitising carbons, of a strong system of cross-linking uniting the crystallites.
Abstract: An investigation of the structure of carbons of different origin treated at temperatures between 1000 and 3000°C has shown that the graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons form two distinct and well-defined classes. The differences in structure are apparent from the earliest stages of carbonization, and may be attributed mainly to the formation at low temperatures, in the non-graphitizing carbons, of a strong system of cross-linking uniting the crystallites. This leads to a random orientation of the crystallites in a rigid, finely porous mass. In the graphitizing carbons the cross-linking is much weaker, the structure is more compact, and neighbouring crystallites have a strong tendency to lie in nearly parallel orientation. It is shown that crystallite growth occurs by the gradual displacement of whole layer-planes or even of groups of layer-planes. The pre-orientation existing in the graphitizing carbons facilitates this process, enabling the rearrangement of the layer-planes to take place by small stages. It is the principal factor favouring crystallite growth in the graphitizing carbons. In the non-graphitizing carbons crystallite growth is impeded both by the strong cross-linking between neighbouring crystallites and by their random orientation.

912 citations


"Carbon slit pore model incorporatin..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Since early studies of Franklin (1951) it has been understood that carbon structure consists of more or less curved graphene layers and recent studies using high resolution electron transmission microscopy (HRTEM) (Pre et al. 2013) and STEM (Guo et al. 2012) confirmed this concept and showed (Pre…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results are very good in both cases, showing that this density-functional model may be used with advantage in the study of the hard-sphere model by itself, or used as a reference system in a perturbative analysis.
Abstract: A free-energy density functional for a system of hard spheres is derived on a semiempirical basis. It is constructed to reproduce the thermodynamics and direct correlation function of a homogeneous fluid and then is tested in two highly inhomogeneous situations: the hard-wall--hard-sphere interface and the hard-sphere solid. The results are very good in both cases, showing that this density-functional model may be used with advantage in the study of the hard-sphere model by itself, or used as a reference system in a perturbative analysis.

898 citations


"Carbon slit pore model incorporatin..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...1 we also included the standard NLDFT model isotherm to show the dramatic difference in shape and values between that isotherm and the BP 280 data....

    [...]

  • ...As a result of this assumption adsorption isotherms calculated by the non-local density functional theory (NLDFT) do not fit accurately the experimental N2 data measured for real activated carbons....

    [...]

  • ...…in its local version (Evans and Tarazona 1984) this approach was then refined by using more advanced fluid theories such as non-local DFT (NLDFT) (Tarazona 1985, 1987; Lastoskie et al. 1993; Olivier et al. 1994) and the fundamental measure theory (Rosenfeld 1989) as well as grand canonical Monte…...

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  • ...The most commonly used kernels for the characterization of porous carbons were J. Jagiello (&) J. P. Olivier Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, 4356 Communications Drive, Norcross, GA 30093, USA e-mail: jacek.jagiello@micromeritics.com kernels calculated using NLDFT for N2 at 77 K and Ar at 87 K assuming standard slit pore model....

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  • ...We choose these data, because their PSD analysis with the standard NLDFT model showed significant artifacts....

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