Carrageenans: biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis - a review.
TL;DR: This review describes important aspects of carrageenans related to their industrial/therapeutic applications, physicochemical properties and structural analysis and indicates that these polysaccharides may offer some protection against HIV infection.
About: This article is published in Carbohydrate Polymers.The article was published on 2009-06-10. It has received 986 citations till now.
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TL;DR: An overview of biological activities and potential health benefits of SPs derived from marine algae, as well as potential products in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical areas are presented.
781 citations
TL;DR: This review introduces basic immunological concepts required to understand the mechanisms that rule the potential claimed immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharides and critically presents a literature survey on the structural features of the poly Saccharide and reported immunostIMulatory activity.
664 citations
TL;DR: This review focuses on naturally derived polymers that can form hydrogels under mild conditions and that are thus capable of entrapping cells within controlled volumes, with particular attention on polysaccharides and proteins.
Abstract: The encapsulation of living mammalian cells within a semi-permeable hydrogel matrix is an attractive procedure for many biomedical and biotechnological applications, such as xenotransplantation, maintenance of stem cell phenotype and bioprinting of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this review, we focus on naturally derived polymers that can form hydrogels under mild conditions and that are thus capable of entrapping cells within controlled volumes. Our emphasis will be on polysaccharides and proteins, including agarose, alginate, carrageenan, chitosan, gellan gum, hyaluronic acid, collagen, elastin, gelatin, fibrin and silk fibroin. We also discuss the technologies commonly employed to encapsulate cells in these hydrogels, with particular attention on microencapsulation.
486 citations
Cites background from "Carrageenans: biological properties..."
...double helix with the sulfate groups pointing outwards, while the higher sulfate content of l-carrageenan inhibits the formation of the helicoidal structure [72]....
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TL;DR: A review of hydrogel-based biomaterial inks and bioinks for 3D printing can be found in this paper, where the authors provide a comprehensive overview and discussion of the tailorability of material, mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties.
Abstract: 3D printing alias additive manufacturing can transform 3D virtual models created by computer-aided design (CAD) into physical 3D objects in a layer-by-layer manner dispensing with conventional molding or machining. Since the incipiency, significant advancements have been achieved in understanding the process of 3D printing and the relationship of component, structure, property and application of the created objects. Because hydrogels are one of the most feasible classes of ink materials for 3D printing and this field has been rapidly advancing, this Review focuses on hydrogel designs and development of advanced hydrogel-based biomaterial inks and bioinks for 3D printing. It covers 3D printing techniques including laser printing (stereolithography, two-photon polymerization), extrusion printing (3D plotting, direct ink writing), inkjet printing, 3D bioprinting, 4D printing and 4D bioprinting. It provides a comprehensive overview and discussion of the tailorability of material, mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties of hydrogels to enable advanced hydrogel designs for 3D printing. The range of hydrogel-forming polymers covered encompasses biopolymers, synthetic polymers, polymer blends, nanocomposites, functional polymers, and cell-laden systems. The representative biomedical applications selected demonstrate how hydrogel-based 3D printing is being exploited in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, cancer research, in vitro disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, surgical preparation, soft robotics and flexible wearable electronics. Incomparable by thermoplastics, thermosets, ceramics and metals, hydrogel-based 3D printing is playing a pivotal role in the design and creation of advanced functional (bio)systems in a customizable way. An outlook on future directions of hydrogel-based 3D printing is presented.
427 citations
TL;DR: Based on the special characteristics of carrageenan, it has been used as a gelling agent/viscosity enhancing agent for controlled drug release and prolonged retention and for tissue regeneration with therapeutic biomacromolecules and for cell delivery.
413 citations
References
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TL;DR: It was undertaken to demonstrate the presence of various kinds of acyl residue in this solvent by ` hydroxylaminolysis' of the urinary glyco protein.
Abstract: An effective, and rapid permethylation of complex carbohydrates noted in the head ing is to be reported in this letter. Methy lation of a complex carbohydrate is a difficult and painstaking task, but if successful, it offers good confir_nation of the chemical structure (e.g. 1-3).. With more recognition of the significance of complex carbohydrates, roles played in determination of specificities of hormones, immunity, biological transport, and in various pathological phenomena, it has become more urgent to learn the chemical structure. For this purpose, permethylation on a micro scale applicable to the complex carbohydrates is desired. The alcoxide for mation, greatly catalyzed by methylsulfinyl carbanion (I) in dimethyl sulfoxide, followed by methylation with methyl iodide was found to be applicable, in some degree, for this purpose. Since Whistler and BeMiller des cribed an extraction of glycogen from tissue by dimethyl sulfoxide (4), 'non-aqueous' chemical reactions might be carried out in this extremely polar, but stable solvent. Not only glycogen but also 'Fr. 4-urinary glyco protein' (5, 6), ovomucoid, a certain sub fraction of the Wilson gastric mucin, and various glycolipids were found to the more or less soluble in this solvent. Therefore, it was undertaken to demonstrate the presence of various kinds of acyl residue in this solvent by ` hydroxylaminolysis' of the urinary glyco protein * While studying along this line, the author learned that Corey and his group developed a new reaction, using methyl sulfinyl carbanion, the conjugate base of dimethyl sulfoxide (7). The Witting type synthesis was achieved with great ease (8, 9) by a strong nucleophilic property of the carbanion on one hand, and on the other
2,146 citations
TL;DR: Improved desolvation in nanoES led to instrument-limited resolution of the signals of a glycoprotein and the ability to signal average extensively allowed the C-terminal sequencing of a 40 kDa protein.
Abstract: The nanoelectrospray ion source (nanoES) has recently been developed and described theoretically. It is different from conventional electrospray sources and from other miniaturized electrospray sources by (i) its 1−2 μm spraying orifice achieved by pulling the spraying capillary to a fine tip, (ii) its very low flow rate of ∼20 nL/min and the small size of droplets it generates, and (iii) the absence of solvent pumps and inlet valves. The fabrication and operation of nanoES needles is described in detail. Solutions with up to 0.1 M salt contents could be sprayed without sheath flow or pneumatic assist. Improved desolvation in nanoES led to instrument-limited resolution of the signals of a glycoprotein and the ability to signal average extensively allowed the C-terminal sequencing of a 40 kDa protein. Extensive mass spectrometric and tandem mass spectrometric investigation of the components of an unseparated peptide mixture was demonstrated by verification of 93% of the sequence of carbonic anhydrase. A ra...
1,786 citations
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: The CRC Emulsifying Biopolymer (CRCRBP) as mentioned in this paper is an emulsifying biopolymer that can be used for coating and adhesives of soybeans.
Abstract: Introduction. Agar. Starch. Gelatin. Carrageenan. Xanthum Gum. Gellan Gum. Gallactomannans. Gum Arabic. Pectins. Milk Proteins. Cellulosis. Tragacanth and Karaya. Xyloglucan. Curdlan. Glucans. Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide. Bacterial Cellulose. Microcrystalline Cellulose. Gums for Coating and Adhesives.Chitosan Hydrogels. Alginates. Frutafit-Inulin. The CRC Emulsifying Biopolymer.
1,290 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1959
TL;DR: In this paper, Whistler et al. presented a chemical modification of industrial gums and showed that the modified gums can be used to extract exopolysaccharides.
Abstract: R.L. Whistler, Introduction to Industrial Gums. I.M. Dea, Conformational Origins of Polysaccharide Solution and Gel Properties. G.A. Towle and R.L. Whistler, Chemical Modification of Gums. I.W. Sutherland, Biosynthesis of Extracellular Polysaccharides (Exopolysaccharides). H.H. Selby and R.L. Whistler, Agar. K. Clare, Algin. G.H. Therkelsen, Carrageenan. H. Maier, M. Anderson, C. Karl, K. Magnuson, and R.L. Whistler, Guar, Locust Bean, Tara, and Fenugreek Gums. J.N. BeMiller, R.L. Whistler, D.G. Barkalow, and C.C. Chen, Aloe, Chia, Flaxseed, Okra, Psyllium Seed, Quince Seed, and Tamarind Gums. C. Rolin, Pectin. R.L. Whistler, Hemicelluloses. R.L. Whistler, Exudate Gums. K.S. Kang and D.J. Pettitt, Xanthan, Gellan, Welan, and Rhamsan. A.N. DeBelder, Dextran. T. Harada, S. Sata, and A. Harada, Curdlan. Y. Tsujisaka and M. Mitsuhashi, Pullulan. G. Brigand, Scleroglucan. J.A. Grover, Methylcelluloses. A.J. Desmaris and R.F. Wint, Hydroxyalkyl and Ethyl Ethers of Cellulose. R.L. Fedderson and S.N. Thorp, Carboxymethylcelluloses. J.N. BeMiller, Starch-Based Gums. R.L. Whistler, Chitin. J.K. Baird, Analysis of Gums in Foods. Chapter References. Index.
877 citations
TL;DR: This review summarizes the state of knowledge for the mass spectrometric analysis of oligosaccharides with regard to neutral, sialylated, and sulfated compound classes to give the reader the background to make informed decisions to solve structure-activity relations in glycomics.
Abstract: Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification to cell surface and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as well as to lipids. As a result, cells carry a dense coat of carbohydrates on their surfaces that mediates a wide variety of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that are crucial to development and function. Because of the historical difficulties with the analysis of complex carbohydrate structures, a detailed understanding of their roles in biology has been slow to develop. Just as mass spectrometry has proven to be the core technology behind proteomics, it stands to play a similar role in the study of functional implications of carbohydrate expression, known as glycomics. This review summarizes the state of knowledge for the mass spectrometric analysis of oligosaccharides with regard to neutral, sialylated, and sulfated compound classes. Mass spectrometric techniques for the ionization and fragmentation of oligosaccharides are discussed so as to give the reader the background to make informed decisions to solve structure-activity relations in glycomics.
770 citations