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Journal ArticleDOI

Catalysis by metal nanoparticles supported on functional organic polymers

12 Dec 2001-Journal of Molecular Catalysis A-chemical (Elsevier)-Vol. 177, Iss: 1, pp 113-138
TL;DR: In this paper, the preparation and catalytic applications of dispersed metal catalysts supported on organic functional polymers are presented and evaluated, including multifunctional catalysis, e.g. redox-acid.
Abstract: The preparation and catalytic applications of dispersed metal catalysts supported on organic functional polymers are presented. The advantages of these catalysts, such as the easy tailoring with respect to the nature of the used support, the “nanoscale” size control of metal crystallites by the polymer framework, the high accessibility and consequent catalytic activity in a proper liquid or liquid–vapor reaction systems are stressed. Various proposed catalytic processes making use of these materials are presented and evaluated, including multifunctional catalysis, e.g. redox-acid. Interesting peculiar aspects such as the enhancement of the hydrogenation rate by nitrogen containing moieties anchored to the polymer backbone are emphasised. When suitable, a comparison with catalysts based on inorganic supports is given.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Review presents the recent developments and the use of NP catalysis in organic synthesis, for example, in hydrogenation and C--C coupling reactions, and the heterogeneous oxidation of CO on gold NPs.
Abstract: Interest in catalysis by metal nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing dramatically, as reflected by the large number of publications in the last five years. This field, "semi-heterogeneous catalysis", is at the frontier between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, and progress has been made in the efficiency and selectivity of reactions and recovery and recyclability of the catalytic materials. Usually NP catalysts are prepared from a metal salt, a reducing agent, and a stabilizer and are supported on an oxide, charcoal, or a zeolite. Besides the polymers and oxides that used to be employed as standard, innovative stabilizers, media, and supports have appeared, such as dendrimers, specific ligands, ionic liquids, surfactants, membranes, carbon nanotubes, and a variety of oxides. Ligand-free procedures have provided remarkable results with extremely low metal loading. The Review presents the recent developments and the use of NP catalysis in organic synthesis, for example, in hydrogenation and C--C coupling reactions, and the heterogeneous oxidation of CO on gold NPs.

2,790 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Richard M. Crooks1, Mingqi Zhao1, Li Sun1, Victor Chechik1, Lee K. Yeung1 
TL;DR: Intradendrimer hydrogenation and carbon-carbon coupling reactions in water, organic solvents, biphasic fluorous/organic solvent, and supercritical CO2 are also described.
Abstract: This Account reports the synthesis and characterization of dendrimer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles and their applications to catalysis. These materials are prepared by sequestering metal ions within dendrimers followed by chemical reduction to yield the corresponding zerovalent metal nanoparticle. The size of such particles depends on the number of metal ions initially loaded into the dendrimer. Intradendrimer hydrogenation and carbon−carbon coupling reactions in water, organic solvents, biphasic fluorous/organic solvents, and supercritical CO2 are also described.

1,925 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical appraisal of different synthetic approaches to Cu and Cu-based nanoparticles and copper nanoparticles immobilized into or supported on various support materials (SiO2, magnetic support materials, etc.), along with their applications in catalysis.
Abstract: The applications of copper (Cu) and Cu-based nanoparticles, which are based on the earth-abundant and inexpensive copper metal, have generated a great deal of interest in recent years, especially in the field of catalysis. The possible modification of the chemical and physical properties of these nanoparticles using different synthetic strategies and conditions and/or via postsynthetic chemical treatments has been largely responsible for the rapid growth of interest in these nanomaterials and their applications in catalysis. In addition, the design and development of novel support and/or multimetallic systems (e.g., alloys, etc.) has also made significant contributions to the field. In this comprehensive review, we report different synthetic approaches to Cu and Cu-based nanoparticles (metallic copper, copper oxides, and hybrid copper nanostructures) and copper nanoparticles immobilized into or supported on various support materials (SiO2, magnetic support materials, etc.), along with their applications i...

1,823 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The direct synthesis of H 2O2 from O2 and H2 using a variety of catalysts, and the factors influencing the formation and decomposition of H2O2 are examined in detail in this Review.
Abstract: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is widely used in almost all industrial areas, particularly in the chemical industry and environmental protection. The only degradation product of its use is water, and thus it has played a large role in environmentally friendly methods in the chemical industry. Hydrogen peroxide is produced on an industrial scale by the anthraquinone oxidation (AO) process. However, this process can hardly be considered a green method. It involves the sequential hydrogenation and oxidation of an alkylanthraquinone precursor dissolved in a mixture of organic solvents followed by liquid–liquid extraction to recover H2O2. The AO process is a multistep method that requires significant energy input and generates waste, which has a negative effect on its sustainability and production costs. The transport, storage, and handling of bulk H2O2 involve hazards and escalating expenses. Thus, novel, cleaner methods for the production of H2O2 are being explored. The direct synthesis of H2O2 from O2 and H2 using a variety of catalysts, and the factors influencing the formation and decomposition of H2O2 are examined in detail in this Review.

1,773 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The Structure of Surfaces: An Introduction as mentioned in this paper The structure of surfaces and its properties are discussed in detail in Section 5.1.2.3 The Dynamics at Surfaces. 4 Electrical properties of surfaces. 5 Surface Chemical Bond.
Abstract: Preface. Introduction. 1 Surfaces: An Introduction. 2 The Structure of Surfaces. 3 Thermodynamics of Surfaces. 4 Dynamics at Surfaces. 5 Electrical Properties of Surfaces. 6 Surface Chemical Bond. 7 Mechanical Properties of Surfaces. 8 Polymer Surfaces and Biointerfaces. 9 Catalysis by Surfaces. Index.

2,346 citations


"Catalysis by metal nanoparticles su..." refers background in this paper

  • ...[45]....

    [...]

  • ...Despite extensive investigation on the influence of the electronic and consequent electrical properties of the support on chemisorption processes [45,109], the understanding of the relevance of these parameters on the stability of supported metal particles is rather poor....

    [...]

Book
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe current industrial applications of organic chemistry and offer an excellent overview of industrial organic chemistry, covering the manufacture of the most important precursors and intermediates and their use in the development of commercial products.
Abstract: This book describes current industrial applications of organic chemistry and offers an excellent overview of industrial organic chemistry. It covers the manufacture of the most important precursors and intermediates and their use in the development of commercial products. It details chemical and physical data, aspects of energy and raw materials supply, and the production of chemicals in different countries. It also describes the possibilities for future developments in the manufacture of various chemicals.

1,529 citations


"Catalysis by metal nanoparticles su..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Examples include industrial applications of these catalysts such as the removal of oxygen from water [16] and the one-pot synthesis of MIBK [16,17,114] which are carried out with a low metal loading of the catalyst and/or mild reaction conditions....

    [...]

  • ...conditions which seem to be far exceeding the field of applicability of resin-based catalysts [17]....

    [...]

  • ...in the production of diphenylamine-based resin stabilisers [17]....

    [...]

  • ...Other applications include an alternative route to MTBE (EC Erdölchemie process) [17,18] and the etherification–hydrogenation of mixtures of unsaturated hydrocarbons to give blends of alkanes and branched ethers for the manufacture of unleaded petrol (BP Etherol Process) [18]....

    [...]

  • ...A good example of resin-supported multifunctional catalysis is the synthesis of methylisobutylketone (MIBK) from acetone [16,17]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review on the preparation, characterization and application of polymer- or ligand-stabilized bimetallic nanoparticles in dispersion, emphasizing their own work and introducing recent progress of this area is presented.
Abstract: A new class of materials for catalysis have been intensively investigated, that is, ‘bimetallic nanoparticles’. Extensive studies of non-supported bimetallic nanoparticle dispersions, stabilized by polymers or ligands, started only about 10 years ago. Many preparative procedures have been proposed, and detailed characterizations have been carried out on bimetallic nanoparticles, thanks to the rapid improvement of analytical technology on surface and nanoscale materials. In this review, we focus on the preparation, characterization and application to catalysis of polymer- or ligand-stabilized bimetallic nanoparticles in dispersion, emphasizing our own work and introducing recent progress of this area.

1,464 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of catalysis by metal clusters and colloids is presented, covering the period from 1980 to mid-1992, with a focus on the use of the terms colloid and cluster.
Abstract: This review covers catalysis by metal clusters and colloids. Any system that is a continuous phase is considered. Specifically not covered will be supported catalysts or heterogeneous catalysts except as they serve as comparative examples. Polymer-stabilized clusters and colloids are considered if they are soluble. The review will roughly cover the period from 1980 to mid-1992. Essential to this review is the establishment of definitions for the terms cluster and colloid. There are certain intuitive definitions for cluster and colloid. Recent work discussed below shows that the terms cluster and colloid are not clearly distinguishable. This review uses cluster and colloid interchangeably. However, several studies describe methods for distinguishing homogeneous from heterogeneous catalysts where heterogeneous catalysts may include colloids. For purposes of this review, a heterogeneous catalyst is defined as one where the catalyst is a separate phase, usually a filterable solid from a liquid phase. The distinction between mononuclear or low nuclearity clusters and large clusters or colloids does not necessarily distinguish homogeneous from heterogeneous catalysts. Methods for distinguishing whether a reaction is catalyzed by a mononuclear species or one where metal-metal bonds are present are described. The paper discusses the following: structure of large clusters and small colloids;more » onset to metallic properties; mononuclear vs. cluster catalysis; hydrogenation; CO activation; hydroformylation; H-H and C-H activation; hydrosilylation; isomerization; oligomerization; redox reactions; photocatalysis; water activation; oxidation; electrochemistry and electroless metal deposition; and ammonia synthesis and related nitrogen chemistry. 402 refs.« less

1,339 citations