Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) Production and Sustainability on the Tibetan Plateau and in the Himalayas
Citations
167 citations
Cites background from "Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps ..."
...Over the last 10 years, the demand as well as the price for C. sinensis has increased dramatically in China, Japan, Korea and India (Au et al., 2012; Jeffrey, 2012; Winkler, 2009)....
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108 citations
107 citations
Cites background from "Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps ..."
...It a parasitic complex formed by a parasitic relationship between the fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis and the caterpillar of ‘ghost’ moth species belonging to the genus Thitarodes [27]....
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...The decline has been attributed, in part, to climate change [27,29,33]....
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...One of the major current drivers of decline of Chinese caterpillar fungus is extensive harvesting [27,29]....
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...It has been unofficially reported that the altitudinal limit of Chinese caterpillar fungus seems to have shifted upwards by 200– 500 m in China due to past climate change [27,33], which may have also caused local extinction of the fungus from Mount Emai in the Chinese province of Sichuan, located on the edge of the Tibetan plateau [52–53]....
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...Although it has various therapeutic usages, the major trade of Chinese caterpillar fungus, with the popular name ‘‘Himalayan Viagra’’, is due to its presumed effects as an aphrodisiac and powerful tonic [27]....
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95 citations
Cites background or result from "Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps ..."
...Global trade rapidly expanded after the 1993 World Athletic Championships in Stuttgart, Germany, when Chinese athletes—reportedly training on dietary supplements of Othiocordyceps and turtle blood—set multiple records in distance running (Winkler, 2010b)....
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...G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora with the larval stage of several species of moth (known as ‘ghost moth’) belonging to the genus Thitarodes (Winkler, 2010a)....
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...From 1997 to 2008, the market price climbed by 900% in Tibet (Winkler, 2010a), and from 2001 to 2011 by 2300% in Nepal....
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...China is the largest producer (80–175 tons), followed by Nepal (1.0–3.2 tons), India (1.7–2.8 tons) and Bhutan (0.5–1.5 tons) (Winkler, 2010a)....
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...The fungus then enters a mycelial growth phase and finally forms one or more stromata that emerge as. Biol. from the head of the buried caterpillar (Winkler, 2010a)....
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89 citations
Cites background from "Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps ..."
...The annual production in the Tibetan Plateau was estimated in 2009 at 80–175 tonnes and 1 kg of caterpillars traded for US$ 3000 (lowest quality) to over US$ 18,000 (best quality, largest larvae) in 2008 (Winkler, 2009)....
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References
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828 citations
"Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In rural areas and in small towns, which are settled by 93% of the TAR population, per capita income from caterpillar fungus collection in 2004 figured at ¥463 based 14 See Sung et al. 2007....
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...A special work on Yartsa Gunbu.3 In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), so far the first known mention is by 汪昂 (Wang Ang) in 1694 in 本草備要 (Ben Cao Bei Yao), the Complete 1 Sung et al. 2007....
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...4 Winkler 2008a. 5 For the latter see Wong et al. 2010. 6 For detailed references see Canney (2006), Holliday & Cleaver (2004), and Zhu, Halpern & Jones (1998); for a timely critical review of a range of medicinal studies see Paterson (2008)....
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475 citations
403 citations
"Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps ..." refers background in this paper
...6 For detailed references see Canney (2006), Holliday & Cleaver (2004), and Zhu, Halpern & Jones (1998); for a timely critical review of a range of medicinal studies see Paterson (2008). Fig....
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...…see Canney (2006), Holliday & Cleaver (2004), and Zhu, Halpern & Jones (1998); for a timely critical review of a range of medicinal studies see Paterson (2008). highest value is attributed to a yartsa gunbu whose stroma is a bit shorter than the larva or at least not much longer, since in…...
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...20 Research on the Caterpillar fungus phenomenon and its impact on Himalayan communities were published by Sharma (2004), Shiva (2006), Negi et al....
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140 citations
"Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps ..." refers background in this paper
...The 4 Winkler 2008a. 5 For the latter see Wong et al. 2010....
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