Journal Article•
Challenges and Options
About: This article is published in IEEE Design & Test of Computers.The article was published on 1998-10-01 and is currently open access. It has received 21 citations till now.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse and categorise the disruptions that have occurred in Asian ports and estimate the likelihood of recurrence based on the data since the year 1900, and reveal a rising trend of disruptive events.
Abstract: The critical nature of a seaport is a connection point. In addition to the effect on port operations, a port disruption will be a strain on trade flows and the various parties concerned. Climate change, oil spill, security, social and political instability are increasing concerns over the years which would lead to higher risks. With significant growing trade volume in Asia, there is a pressing need for comprehensive studies to prepare ports for disruptions. This paper aims to analyse and categorise the disruptions that have occurred in Asian ports and estimate the likelihood of recurrence based on the data since the year 1900. Results reveal a rising trend of disruptive events. Natural disasters and labour strikes are the two main causes of port disruptions, while natural disasters lead to the highest severity in terms of cargo tons affected. Mitigation strategies proposed in terms of both preventive and reactive measures are specifically designed to reduce the likelihood and severity of the various types...
69 citations
Cites background from "Challenges and Options"
...Other than skill-based errors, safety awareness, and shortfalls in the execution of organisational processes are among the most significant root causes in man-made accidents (Griffin and Neal 2000)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate bio-fuels produced from biomass materials by thermochemical and biochemical methods and the utilization trends of the products in the world, which fall into the following categories: (a) vegetable oils and biodiesels; (b) alcohols; and (c) biocrude and synthetic oils.
Abstract: The aim of the present paper is to investigate bio-fuels produced from biomass materials by thermochemical and biochemical methods and the utilization trends of the products in the world. Bio-fuels are liquid or gaseous fuels made from plant matter and residues, such as agricultural crops, municipal wastes and agricultural and forestry by-products. Liquid bio-fuels being considered world over fall into the following categories: (a) vegetable oils and biodiesels; (b) alcohols; and (c) biocrude and synthetic oils. Bioethanol can be produced from cellulose feedstocks such as corn stalks, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse, pulpwood, switchgrass, and municipal solid waste. Conversion technologies for producing bioethanol from cellulosic biomass resources such as forest materials, agricultural residues and urban wastes are under development and have not yet been demonstrated commercially. Biodiesel fuel can be made from new or used vegetable oils and animal fats, which are non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable resou...
63 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an evaluation of the effectiveness of community-driven smallholder irrigation schemes using micro dams under current operational practices is presented, where the significance of dam size, total water diverted per season, system losses and approximate amounts of water received by each farmer in a given season is analyzed.
Abstract: Water is the main limiting factor for crop production in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa. This paper presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of community-driven smallholder irrigation schemes using micro dams under current operational practices. The research site is the semi-arid Vudee sub-catchment within the Makanya Catchment, which is part of the Pangani River Basin (Northern Tanzania). A micro dam is presented as a case study. Micro dams are popular in the study area they have water sharing system between upstream and downstream users put in place with minimum input from external agencies. The effectiveness of micro dams on dry spell mitigation is investigated. The significance of dam size, total water diverted per season, system losses and approximate amounts of water received by each farmer in a given season is analysed. Local smallholder farmers have put up the micro dams to address their need for extra water for agriculture. The capacities of the micro dams are very small but without them there is insufficient water to allocate to at least one irrigation event per farmer in a season, the dams serve a useful purpose when operated as night storage reservoirs. The study found out that the micro dam system, under current operational rules, is inefficient as the high system losses put to question the wisdom of irrigating over scattered sites as opposed to one common irrigation plot near the dam site where each participant would be allocated a small piece of land to irrigate.
45 citations
TL;DR: Cashewnut meal is recommended as a substitute for the expensive conventional plant proteins at 25, 50 and 75% levels and the highest marginal revenue was obtained from birds fed diet 4 (N415.32).
Abstract: In a 5 week feeding trial, cashewnut meal was substituted for Soyabean meal at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% and the diets were respectively designated as diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in a completely randomized design. Body weight changes, feed intake, feed-to-gain ratio and the economics of production were investigated. The feed-to-gain ratio was significantly (p<0.05) influenced while other parameters were not. Diet 3 gave the best value (2.24) followed closely by diets 4 (2.25) and 2 (2.28) respectively, while diet 1 had the poorest value (2.53) followed by diet 5 (2.40). The mean daily feed intake numerically improved as the percent cashewnut meal substitution increased from 0 to 100%. Birds fed diet 4 had the highest value (120.58g) while birds fed diet 1 had the least value (115.84g). The mean total body weight gain (g) was highest (2214g) for birds fed diet 3 while birds fed diet 1 had the least value (1878.00g). The cost/kg diet (N) decreased as the dietary inclusion of the test ingredient increased from 0 to 100%. At the end of the trial, the highest marginal revenue was obtained from birds fed diet 4 (N415.32). This was closely followed by birds fed diets 3, 5, 2 and 1. Cashewnut meal is therefore recommended as a substitute for the expensive conventional plant proteins at 25, 50 and 75% levels.
30 citations
TL;DR: Sustainability of the BPHS in Afghanistan is questionable as stakeholders are suboptimally organized to come up with effective alternatives and those with the most significant influence are lukewarm, while those who are most supportive have the least influence.
Abstract: This study explored the readiness of stakeholders in Afghanistan for sustaining delivery of the Basic Package of Health Services (BPHS) without external technical and financial assistance A stakeholder analysis was applied using qualitative methods Fifteen stakeholders were purposively drawn from the Afghanistan ministries of public health and finance, political representatives, development partners, nonprofit organizations and public health experts Data were collected through in-depth interviews with the stakeholders and desk review of pertinent documents We found that sustainability of the BPHS in Afghanistan is questionable as stakeholders are suboptimally organized to come up with effective alternatives Uneven ownership and divisive positioning are bottlenecks to the evolution of a realistic continuation plan Those with the most significant influence are lukewarm, while those who are most supportive have the least influence Sustainability needs to be tackled at the start in designing the BPHS rather than in the wake of eventual donor withdrawal
14 citations
Cites methods from "Challenges and Options"
...We found that only the MoPH was prepared, by having developed a five-year financing Afghanistan although it did not focus on the BPHS [33]....
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