Change in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in response to exposure to all-night noise and transient noise.
TL;DR: It is concluded that a silent environment is required to maintain the duration of rapid-eye-movement sleep, even though rapid- Eye-Movement sleep is stable and is not influenced easily by noise.
Abstract: Several experiments conducted by the authors revealed certain characteristic changes in stage rapid-eye-movement sleep in response to noise exposure. Continuous and all-night exposure to noise first decreased the percentage of rapid-eye-movement stage at Leg 45dBA. In contrast, the threshold of shifts from the rapid-eye-movement stage in response to intermittent noise was higher than thresholds noted for slow-wave sleep or stage-2 sleep. We concluded that these results indicated that a silent environment is required to maintain the duration of rapid-eye-movement sleep, even though rapid-eye-movement sleep is stable and is not influenced easily by noise.
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Some of the basic strain and species differences in hearing are reviewed and how the acoustic environment affects different mammals is outlined.
Abstract: Hearing in laboratory animals is a topic that traditionally has been the domain of the auditory researcher. However, hearing loss and exposure to various environmental sounds can lead to changes in multiple organ systems, making what laboratory animals hear of consequence for researchers beyond those solely interested in hearing. For example, several inbred mouse strains commonly used in biomedical research (e.g., C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c) experience a genetically determined, progressive hearing loss that can lead to secondary changes in systems ranging from brain neurochemistry to social behavior. Both researchers and laboratory animal facility personnel should be aware of both strain and species differences in hearing in order to minimize potentially confounding variables in their research and to aid in the interpretation of data. Independent of genetic differences, acoustic noise levels in laboratory animal facilities can have considerable effects on the inhabitants. A large body of literature describes the nonauditory impact of noise on the biology and behavior of various strains and species of laboratory animals. The broad systemic effects of noise exposure include changes in endocrine and cardiovascular function, sleep-wake cycle disturbances, seizure susceptibility, and an array of behavioral changes. These changes are determined partly by species and strain; partly by noise intensity level, duration, predictability, and other characteristics of the sound; and partly by animal history and exposure context. This article reviews some of the basic strain and species differences in hearing and outlines how the acoustic environment affects different mammals.
159 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conduct a review of the evidence surrounding the optimal characteristics for the sleep environment in the categories of noise, temperature, lighting, and air quality in order to provide specific recommendations for each of these components.
77 citations
Cites background from "Change in rapid eye movement (REM) ..."
...stages 1 & 2), where louder noises [42,43,69,121] or noises that are in the low frequency range (∼500 Hz [15], are required to cause waking from deeper stages of sleep (i....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of 716 estudiantes universitarios (584 mujeres and 132 varones) of the University of California, Berkeley was conducted to evaluate the calidad subjetiva del sueno.
Abstract: Los trastornos del sueno constituyen uno de los problemas de salud mas relevantes en las sociedades occidentales. La importancia de una buena calidad de sueno no solamente es fundamental como factor determinante de la salud, sino como elemento propiciador de una buena calidad de vida. La calidad del sueno no se refiere unicamente al hecho de dormir bien durante la noche, sino que tambien incluye un buen funcionamiento diurno (un adecuado nivel de atencion para realizar diferentes tareas). Ello hace que sea fundamental estudiar la incidencia de estos trastornos en distintos tipos de poblaciones, asi como los factores que los determinan. Para alcanzar este objetivo, y ante las dificultades que implica la evaluacion polisomnografica en la deteccion de la calidad de sueno, en la mayoria de los casos se opta por el uso de instrumentos de autoinforme, entre los que destaca el Indice de Calidad del Sueno de Pittsburg. Desde la evaluacion conductual consideramos que el sueno esta determinado por cuatro diferentes dimensiones: tiempo circadiano, esto es, la hora del dia en que se localiza, factores intrinsecos del organismo (edad, sueno, patrones de sueno), conductas facilitadoras e inhibidoras realizadas por el sujeto y el ambiente en que duerme. La higiene del sueno incide sobre estas dos ultimas dimensiones, y en nuestro estudio nos centraremos en las conductas inhibidoras (consumo de sustancias psicoactivas). En el estudio se analiza la calidad subjetiva del sueno en una muestra de 716 estudiantes universitarios (584 mujeres y 132 varones) por medio del Indice de Calidad del Sueno de Pittsburg, y se evaluan los efectos del consumo de alcohol, cafeina y tabaco sobre la calidad del sueno. El Indice de Calidad del Sueno de Pittsburg proporciona una puntuacion global de la calidad del sueno y puntuaciones parciales en siete componentes distintos: calidad subjetiva del sueno, latencia del sueno, duracion del sueno, eficiencia habitual del sueno, alteraciones del sueno, uso de medicacion hipnotica y disfuncion diurna. Los resultados encontrados muestran que aproximadamente 30% de la muestra presenta una mala calidad del sueno, una excesiva latencia y una pobre eficiencia del sueno; no se encontraron diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en ningun componente, a excepcion del consumo de hipnoticos, donde las mujeres presentan una mayor puntuacion. Ello parece indicar que las dificultades para iniciar el sueno constituyen una caracteristica de la mala calidad del sueno en los sujetos mas jovenes, mientras que en las personas mayores lo caracteristico son los despertares nocturnos y el despertar precoz. La falta de diferencias en la calidad del sueno entre hombres y mujeres se puede deber a la edad de la muestra (20.92 anos), pues en las mujeres la menor calidad del sueno se hace mas evidente a medida que avanza la edad. Si tenemos en cuenta la puntuacion total del Indice de Calidad del Sueno de Pittsburg, encontramos que 60.33% de la muestra supera la puntuacion de cinco, por lo que estos sujetos pueden ser definidos como malos dormidores. Por otro lado, esta claramente demostrado que el uso excesivo de alcohol, cafeina y nicotina provoca alteraciones del sueno: aumento de la latencia, despertares nocturnos, reduccion del sueno de ondas lentas, reduccion del tiempo total de sueno y pobre calidad autoinformada del sueno. Sin embargo, el efecto que tiene el consumo social (consumo no excesivo) de estas sustancias sobre el sueno es menos conocido. En este estudio hemos definido como consumidores sociales a los sujetos que ingieren entre dos y cuatro copas de alcohol, dos y cuatro tazas de cafe y fuman entre 20 y 30 cigarrillos diariamente. Encontramos que el consumo diario habitual no excesivo de alcohol, cafeina y tabaco, provoca una mala calidad del sueno, una mayor latencia , un mayor numero de perturbaciones y una mayor disfuncion diurna. Esto pone de manifiesto la necesidad de controlar el consumo de estas sustancias para mantener una correcta calidad del sueno.
72 citations
Cites background from "Change in rapid eye movement (REM) ..."
...Se sabe, por ejemplo, que la exposición al ruido (18, 19, 26) o las temperaturas extremas (12) provocan efectos negativos sobre la arquitectura del sueño....
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TL;DR: It is proposed that increased sound absorption, i.e. reduced reverberation time, by contributing to a better acoustic environment may reduce sound-induced sleep fragmentation.
Abstract: The effect of reducing reverberation time was studied in 12 subjects during sleep EEG-arousals following specific sound stimuli were significantly reduced (p<0007) when reverberation time was reduced with sound-absorbing ceiling-tiles On average reverberation was reduced 0124 seconds at similar sound levels It is proposed that increased sound absorption, ie reduced reverberation time, by contributing to a better acoustic environment may reduce sound-induced sleep fragmentation
53 citations
TL;DR: Findings that railway noise has a stronger impact than road traffic noise on physiological parameters during sleep, and that the maximum noise level is an important predictor of noise effects on sleep assessed by PSG are supported, at least for railway noise.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore and compare the effect of noise from railway and road traffic on sleep in subjects habitually exposed to nocturnal noise. Forty young and middle aged healthy subjects were studied with polysomnography (PSG) during two consecutive nights in their own bedroom. Noise measurements and recordings were conducted concurrently outside of the bedroom facade as well as inside the bedroom of each participant. Different noise exposure parameters were calculated (L(p,A,eq,night), L(p,A,Fmax,night), and L(AF5,night)) and analyzed in relation to whole-night sleep parameters. The group exposed to railway noise had significantly less Rapid eye movement, (REM) sleep than the group exposed to road traffic noise. A significant association was found between the maximum level (L(p,A,Fmax,night)) of railway noise and time spent in REM sleep. REM sleep was significantly shorter in the group exposed to at least a single railway noise event above 50 dB inside the bedroom. These results, obtained in an ecological valid setting, support previous laboratory findings that railway noise has a stronger impact than road traffic noise on physiological parameters during sleep, and that the maximum noise level is an important predictor of noise effects on sleep assessed by PSG, at least for railway noise.
49 citations
References
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TL;DR: The previously presented inventory of self-reported arousal, which contained four factor analytically derived scales, was further developed in the following way: the original factor pattern was cross-validated and a new response scale was constructed which proved to be superior to the old one.
Abstract: .— The previously presented (Bohlin & Kjellberg, 1973) inventory of self-reported arousal, which contained four factor analytically derived scales, was further developed in the following way. First, the original factor pattern was cross-validated. Second, a new response scale was constructed which proved to be superior to the old one. Third, the inventory was extended with new items and factor analysis applied to this new inventory. From the model of phenomenological arousal advanced by Bohlin & Kjellberg (1973) six factors were hypothesized and it was shown that a similar solution could be obtained with the extended inventory. Finally, this six-factor pattern was cross-validated and six scales, labelled Sleep-Wakeful-ness, Energy, Stress, Irritation, Euphoria, and Concentration, were constructed.
114 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of traffic noise on sleep disturbance were evaluated in the home of people living near a main road and the results highlight that both long term average and peak levels are important in assessing sleep disturbance.
81 citations
TL;DR: Improvements with double glazing were modest in degree, but as they occurred in three independent and predicted measures of sleep quality, the view is supported that the prevailing level of traffic noise does indeed impair sleep.
Abstract: Twelve people living in areas of high traffic noise were studied to assess its effect on their sleep. During 3 weeks, their sleep was monitored physiologically in the natural setting of their own bedrooms. Their performance and subjective report of sleep were recorded each day. For the middle week, the bedroom windows were double glazed to reduce the prevailing level of traffic noise at the bedside (Leq 46.6 dB(A) over the whole night) by an average of 5.8 dB(A). Most physiological measures were unaffected by the noise reduction, but stage 4 sleep and low‐frequency, high‐amplitude delta waves in the EEG, both thought to be signs of deep sleep, were increased. Also unprepared simple reaction time, a test sensitive to drowsiness, was improved the next day, whereas a more stimulating short term memory test was not. Subjects also reported sleeping better. These improvements with double glazing were all modest in degree, but as they occurred in three independent and predicted measures of sleep quality, the vie...
72 citations
TL;DR: It might be concluded that the WHO recommendation of L eq = 35 dB(A) is adequate, but should be supplemented with a maximum noise level, as expressed for example in L pmax or L I , that should not be exceeded.
63 citations