Changes in core network size in Japan: Comparisons between the 1990s and 2010s
TL;DR: Overall, changes in network sizes were small, and it cannot be concluded that serious social decay occurs among married Japanese people.
Abstract: Few studies have examined changes in network size during the past 20 years in Japan despite changes in many other aspects of Japanese society that could affect Japanese social relationships. I conducted a time-series cross-sectional survey to investigate changes in network size for married Japanese people from 1993 to 2014. Results follow: 1) core network sizes decreased slightly; 2) the number of married males with no core network outside their households increased slightly; 3) kin and neighbour network sizes decreased and friend network size increased among married females; 4) kin network size decreased among married males; and 5) the probability of younger married males having no network friends increased. Overall, changes in network sizes were small, and we cannot conclude that serious social decay occurs among married Japanese people.
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TL;DR: This is the first study on egocentric social network in Japan that uses an unrestricted name generator to elicit personal networks and will allow its use as a new benchmark study in the subject of social networks and social interactions research.
Abstract: This article presents the results of a survey on egocentric social networks in the Greater Tokyo Area. This is, together with our preliminary study, the first study on egocentric social network in Japan that uses an unrestricted name generator to elicit personal networks. It is comparable to previous work conducted in Europe (Switzerland and The Netherlands) and The Americas (Canada and Chile). In addition to a thorough description of the survey design and execution process, basic results regarding network characteristics and social interaction patterns, and estimation results of a multilevel multivariate mixed effect model of social contact frequency by mode are presented and compared against relevant benchmark data. The information provided in this article and the supplementary documents will allow its use as a new benchmark study in the subject of social networks and social interactions research.
9 citations
Cites background or methods from "Changes in core network size in Jap..."
...The first method is the most widely used in the Japanese literature 1 (Otani, 1999; Harada, 2012; Iwata, 2014; Ishiguro, 2018) and consists on directly asking respondents 2 to state the number of contacts by relationship type....
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...…a rich literature on social networks 20 in Japan, focusing, among other subjects, on social network characteristics (Harada, 2012; Otani, 21 1999; Ishiguro, 2018; Harada and Sugisawa, 2014), and the effect of ICT technologies (in particular 22 the internet-capable mobile phones introduced in the…...
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TL;DR: There has been a very significant change; in fact, a reversal of trends regarding the composition of the core discussion networks (CDNs) concerning kin and non-kin ties over the past decades, and the data suggest that friendship ties gained more importance.
Abstract: In order to detect changes in social connectivity, we examined evolutions in the personal network structure by analyzing over-time trends in the composition of the population’s core discussion networks on four cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys between 1997 and 2015, in the era of post-communism, in Hungary. There has been a very significant change; in fact, a reversal of trends regarding the composition of the core discussion networks (CDNs) concerning kin and non-kin ties over the past decades. Our data suggest that friendship ties gained more importance. There seems to be a generation-specific aspect of the change: young people include family ties less often than older people and this effect strengthens over time. Women still have a higher ratio of kin ties compared to men and this effect does not change significantly during the analyzed period.
6 citations
TL;DR: Takami et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a method to solve the problem of urban urban design by using the concept of the urban environment, and achieved the state-of-the-art performance.
Abstract: 1Member of JSCE, Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo (Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan) E-mail: gtroncoso@ut.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp 2Member of JSCE, Associate Professor, Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo (Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan) E-mail: takami@ut.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp 3Member of JSCE, Professor, Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo (Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan) E-mail: nhara@ut.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
5 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that the effects of rising education levels, the segmentation of social contexts in terms of age, and the transformation of family models – which can be observed in most western countries – reinforce relational spheres characterized by relatively similar lifestyles.
Abstract: This article explores the evolution of homogeneity within personal networks in France over time and across several relational contexts, using two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2001 (n = 399) and 2017 (n = 663). Personal networks have changed relatively little overall, but with a tendency toward more homogeneity among the most educated, 26–45 and 61−75 year-olds, singles, and childless individuals. Differences in rates of personal network homogeneity are only partly explained by demographic shifts in French society. These findings are mostly consistent with those of other studies in Hungary and the USA. We argue that the effects of rising education levels, the segmentation of social contexts in terms of age, and the transformation of family models – which can be observed in most western countries – reinforce relational spheres characterized by relatively similar lifestyles.
2 citations
TL;DR: This article explored the evolution of homogeneity within personal networks in France over time and across several relational contexts, using two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2001 and 2017 (n = 399 and 663) and found that personal networks have changed relatively little overall, with a tendency toward more homogeneity among the most educated, 26−45 and 61−75 year-olds, singles, and childless individuals.
Abstract: This article explores the evolution of homogeneity within personal networks in France over time and across several relational contexts, using two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2001 (n = 399) and 2017 (n = 663). Personal networks have changed relatively little overall, but with a tendency toward more homogeneity among the most educated, 26–45 and 61−75 year-olds, singles, and childless individuals. Differences in rates of personal network homogeneity are only partly explained by demographic shifts in French society. These findings are mostly consistent with those of other studies in Hungary and the USA. We argue that the effects of rising education levels, the segmentation of social contexts in terms of age, and the transformation of family models – which can be observed in most western countries – reinforce relational spheres characterized by relatively similar lifestyles.
1 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another, and the impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored.
Abstract: Analysis of social networks is suggested as a tool for linking micro and macro levels of sociological theory. The procedure is illustrated by elaboration of the macro implications of one aspect of small-scale interaction: the strength of dyadic ties. It is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another. The impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored. Stress is laid on the cohesive power of weak ties. Most network models deal, implicitly, with strong ties, thus confining their applicability to small, well-defined groups. Emphasis on weak ties lends itself to discussion of relations between groups and to analysis of segments of social structure not easily defined in terms of primary groups.
37,560 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2000TL;DR: Putnam as mentioned in this paper showed that changes in work, family structure, age, suburban life, television, computers, women's roles and other factors are isolating Americans from each other in a trend whose reflection can clearly be seen in British society.
Abstract: BOWLING ALONE warns Americans that their stock of "social capital", the very fabric of their connections with each other, has been accelerating down. Putnam describes the resulting impoverishment of their lives and communities. Drawing on evidence that includes nearly half a million interviews conducted over a quarter of a century in America, Putnam shows how changes in work, family structure, age, suburban life, television, computers, women's roles and other factors are isolating Americans from each other in a trend whose reflection can clearly be seen in British society. We sign 30 percent fewer petitions than we did ten years ago. Membership in organisations- from the Boy Scouts to political parties and the Church is falling. Ties with friends and relatives are fraying: we're 35 percent less likely to visit our neighbours or have dinner with our families than we were thirty years ago. We watch sport alone instead of with our friends. A century ago, American citizens' means of connecting were at a low point after decades of urbanisation, industrialisation and immigration uprooted them from families and friends. That generation demonstrated a capacity for renewal by creating the organisations that pulled Americans together. Putnam shows how we can learn from them and reinvent common enterprises that will make us secure, productive, happy and hopeful.
24,532 citations
TL;DR: Theories of the self from both psychology and anthropology are integrated to define in detail the difference between a construal of self as independent and a construpal of the Self as interdependent as discussed by the authors, and these divergent construals should have specific consequences for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Abstract: People in different cultures have strikingly different construals of the self, of others, and of the interdependence of the 2. These construals can influence, and in many cases determine, the very nature of individual experience, including cognition, emotion, and motivation. Many Asian cultures have distinct conceptions of individuality that insist on the fundamental relatedness of individuals to each other. The emphasis is on attending to others, fitting in, and harmonious interdependence with them. American culture neither assumes nor values such an overt connectedness among individuals. In contrast, individuals seek to maintain their independence from others by attending to the self and by discovering and expressing their unique inner attributes. As proposed herein, these construals are even more powerful than previously imagined. Theories of the self from both psychology and anthropology are integrated to define in detail the difference between a construal of the self as independent and a construal of the self as interdependent. Each of these divergent construals should have a set of specific consequences for cognition, emotion, and motivation; these consequences are proposed and relevant empirical literature is reviewed. Focusing on differences in self-construals enables apparently inconsistent empirical findings to be reconciled, and raises questions about what have been thought to be culture-free aspects of cognition, emotion, and motivation.
18,178 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of the existing literature on the analysis of moderated relationships involving continuous variables, focusing on analyzing interaction effects in the context of multiple regression and structural equation analyses.
Abstract: This monograph is concerned primarily with the statistical analysis of moderated relationships or as they are more commonly known interaction effects where all variables involved are continuous in nature. The focus is on analyzing interaction effects in the context of multiple regression and structural equation analyses. There currently exists a great deal of confusion about the analysis of moderated relationships involving continuous variables. The statistical and substantive literatures are replete with contradictory advice and admonitions about the best way to test models involving moderated relationships. Further the relevant statistical literature is scattered throughout a range of disciplines including sociology psychology political science economics biology and statistics. The major purpose of this monograph is to bring together this rather diverse literature and to explicate the central issues involved in conducting analyses of moderated relationships involving continuous variables. The principal finding is that interaction analysis is most straightforward when it is theoretically motivated; theory guides the specification of appropriate interaction models using multiple regression analysis. Traditional product terms with continuous variables assess interaction of a specific form namely bilinear interactions. The authors organize their analysis around 3 principal questions: 1) given the sample data can it be inferred that an interaction effect exists in the population; 2) if so what is the strength of the effect; and 3) if so what is the nature of the effect? When formulating research to test for interaction effects one should consider issues related to sample size (for purposes of power analysis) levels of measurement measurement error potential multicollinearity and other methodological/substantive issues discussed above. The monograph concludes with 10 empirical applications that have used multiple regression analysis for the analysis of moderated relationships.
3,193 citations
TL;DR: Overall, the influence of both objective and subjective social isolation on risk for mortality is comparable with well-established risk factors for mortality.
Abstract: Actual and perceived social isolation are both associated with increased risk for early mortality. In this meta-analytic review, our objective is to establish the overall and relative magnitude of social isolation and loneliness and to examine possible moderators. We conducted a literature search of studies (January 1980 to February 2014) using MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Social Work Abstracts, and Google Scholar. The included studies provided quantitative data on mortality as affected by loneliness, social isolation, or living alone. Across studies in which several possible confounds were statistically controlled for, the weighted average effect sizes were as follows: social isolation odds ratio (OR) = 1.29, loneliness OR = 1.26, and living alone OR = 1.32, corresponding to an average of 29%, 26%, and 32% increased likelihood of mortality, respectively. We found no differences between measures of objective and subjective social isolation. Results remain consistent across gender, length of follow-up, and world region, but initial health status has an influence on the findings. Results also differ across participant age, with social deficits being more predictive of death in samples with an average age younger than 65 years. Overall, the influence of both objective and subjective social isolation on risk for mortality is comparable with well-established risk factors for mortality.
3,157 citations