Changes in photosynthetic capacity, carboxylation efficiency, and CO2 compensation point associated with midday stomatal closure and midday depression of net CO2 exchange of leaves of Quercus suber.
TL;DR: Constant internal CO2 may aid in minimizing photoinhibition during stomatal closure at midday, and the effects on capacity, slope, and compensation point were reversed by lowering the temperature and increasing the humidity in the afternoon.
Abstract: The carbon-dioxide response of photosynthesis of leaves of Quercus suber, a sclerophyllous species of the European Mediterranean region, was studied as a function of time of day at the end of the summer dry season in the natural habitat. To examine the response experimentally, a "standard" time course for temperature and humidity, which resembled natural conditions, was imposed on the leaves, and the CO2 pressure external to the leaves on subsequent days was varied. The particular temperature and humidity conditions chosen were those which elicited a strong stomatal closure at midday and the simultaneous depression of net CO2 uptake. Midday depression of CO2 uptake is the result of i) a decrease in CO2-saturated photosynthetic capacity after light saturation is reached in the early morning, ii) a decrease in the initial slope of the CO2 response curve (carboxylation efficiency), and iii) a substantial increase in the CO2 compensation point caused by an increase in leaf temperature and a decrease in humidity. As a consequence of the changes in photosynthesis, the internal leaf CO2 pressure remained essentially constant despite stomatal closure. The effects on capacity, slope, and compensation point were reversed by lowering the temperature and increasing the humidity in the afternoon. Constant internal CO2 may aid in minimizing photoinhibition during stomatal closure at midday. The results are discussed in terms of possible temperature, humidity, and hormonal effects on photosynthesis.
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TL;DR: Mijhoff et al. as discussed by the authors used gas exchange measurements on Eucalyptus grandis leaves and data extracted from the literature to test a semi-empirical model of stomatal conductance for CO 2, g sc = g 0 + a 1 /[(c s −Γ)(1 + D s /D 0 )], where A is the assimilation rate; D s and c s are the humidity deficit and the CO 2 concentration at the leaf surface, respectively; g 0 is the conductance as A → 0 when leaf irradiance → 0
Abstract: Gas-exchange measurements on Eucalyptus grandis leaves and data extracted from the literature were used to test a semi-empirical model of stomatal conductance for CO 2 , g sc = g 0 + a 1 /[(c s −Γ)(1 + D s /D 0 )], where A is the assimilation rate; D s and c s are the humidity deficit and the CO 2 concentration at the leaf surface, respectively; g 0 is the conductance as A → 0 when leaf irradiance → 0; and D 0 and a 1 are empirical coefficients. This model is a modified version of g sc = a 1 A h s /c s first proposed by Ball, Woodrow & Berry (1987, in Progress in Photosynthesis Research, Martinus Mijhoff, Publ., pp. 221-224), in which h s is relative humidity. Inclusion of the CO 2 compensation point, Γ, improved the behaviour of the model at low values of c s , while a hyperbolic function of D s for humidity response correctly accounted for the observed hyperbolic and linear variation of g sc and c i /c s as a function of D s , where c i is the intercellular CO 2 concentration. In contrast, use of relative humidity as the humidity variable led to predictions of a linear decrease in g sc and a hyperbolic variation in c i /c s as a function of D s , contrary to data from E. grandis leaves. The revised model also successfully described the response of stomata to variations in A, D s and c s for published responses of the leaves of several other species. Coupling of the revised stomatal model with a biochemical model for photosynthesis of C 3 plants synthesizes many of the observed responses of leaves to light, humidity deficit, leaf temperature and CO 2 concentration. Best results are obtained for well-watered plants
1,415 citations
TL;DR: The temperature response of instantaneous net CO(2) assimilation rate (A) is described in terms of these limitations, and possible limitations on A at elevated temperatures arising from heat-induced lability of Rubisco activase are evaluated.
Abstract: We review the current understanding of the temperature responses of C(3) and C(4) photosynthesis across thermal ranges that do not harm the photosynthetic apparatus. In C(3) species, photosynthesis is classically considered to be limited by the capacities of ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration or P(i) regeneration. Using both theoretical and empirical evidence, we describe the temperature response of instantaneous net CO(2) assimilation rate (A) in terms of these limitations, and evaluate possible limitations on A at elevated temperatures arising from heat-induced lability of Rubisco activase. In C(3) plants, Rubisco capacity is the predominant limitation on A across a wide range of temperatures at low CO(2) (<300 microbar), while at elevated CO(2), the limitation shifts to P(i) regeneration capacity at suboptimal temperatures, and either electron transport capacity or Rubisco activase capacity at supraoptimal temperatures. In C(4) plants, Rubisco capacity limits A below 20 degrees C in chilling-tolerant species, but the control over A at elevated temperature remains uncertain. Acclimation of C(3) photosynthesis to suboptimal growth temperature is commonly associated with a disproportional enhancement of the P(i) regeneration capacity. Above the thermal optimum, acclimation of A to increasing growth temperature is associated with increased electron transport capacity and/or greater heat stability of Rubisco activase. In many C(4) species from warm habitats, acclimation to cooler growth conditions increases levels of Rubisco and C(4) cycle enzymes which then enhance A below the thermal optimum. By contrast, few C(4) species adapted to cooler habitats increase Rubisco content during acclimation to reduced growth temperature; as a result, A changes little at suboptimal temperatures. Global change is likely to cause a widespread shift in patterns of photosynthetic limitation in higher plants. Limitations in electron transport and Rubisco activase capacity should be more common in the warmer, high CO(2) conditions expected by the end of the century.
869 citations
Cites background from "Changes in photosynthetic capacity,..."
...…from the temperature responses of carboxylation kinetics, mesophyll conductance and respiration (Kirschbaum & Farquhar 1984); however, some species such as oak (Tenhunen et al. 1984) and spinach (Yamori et al. 2005) show larger fractional declines than carboxylation kinetics would predict....
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...…when vapor pressure deficit is low), close (often in response to increasing vapor pressure deficit with rising temperature) or remain unaffected (Kemp & Williams 1980; Monson et al. 1982; Tenhunen et al. 1984; Sage & Sharkey 1987; Santrucek & Sage 1996; Cowling & Sage 1998; Yamori et al. 2006a)....
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...Depending upon species and growth conditions, stomata can open with rising temperature (a common response when vapor pressure deficit is low), close (often in response to increasing vapor pressure deficit with rising temperature) or remain unaffected (Kemp & Williams 1980; Monson et al. 1982; Tenhunen et al. 1984; Sage & Sharkey 1987; Santrucek & Sage 1996; Cowling & Sage 1998; Yamori et al. 2006a)....
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...Modest declines in the initial slope at high temperature are predicted from the temperature responses of carboxylation kinetics, mesophyll conductance and respiration (Kirschbaum & Farquhar 1984); however, some species such as oak (Tenhunen et al. 1984) and spinach (Yamori et al....
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TL;DR: This chapter discusses the direct effects of increase in the global atmospheric CO 2 concentration on natural and commercial temperate trees and forests and the impact on the ecology and environment of woods and forests, and the downstream, socio-economic consequences.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the direct effects of increase in the global atmospheric CO 2 concentration on natural and commercial temperate trees and forests. The aim of this chapter is to assess what is known of these relationships in trees, and to predict the consequences of an increase in CO 2 on temperate zone forests. Information concerning the reaction of trees and forests to increase in the atmospheric CO 2 concentration is particularly important. The total amount of carbon stored in terrestrial ecosystems has diminished over recent centuries as a result of anthropogenic actions, especially forestry clearance. On a global scale, this further reduction in area of forest will both exacerbate the rise of CO 2 in the atmosphere through oxidation of wood and wood products, and reduce the sink strength for CO 2 . . Because of the complexity of forest ecosystems, there may be many consequences of long-term changes in the rates of carbon gain and water loss by trees and stands. The four main reasons for being concerned about the rise in CO 2 and its effect on trees and forests given here are: the enhancement of biological knowledge about the functioning of tree species of major ecological and economic importance, the impact on the productivity and value of the economic product, the impact on the ecology and environment of woods and forests, and the downstream, socio-economic consequences.
727 citations
29 Mar 2005
TL;DR: The principles of Photosynthesis Mechanisms, Mechanisms of Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution and the Fundamental Hypotheses of photosynthesis, and Recent Advances in Chloroplast Development in Higher Plants are explained.
Abstract: Preface Principles of Photosynthesis Mechanisms of Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution and the Fundamental Hypotheses of Photosynthesis (Yuzeir Zeinalov) Thermoluminescence as a Tool in the study of Photosynthesis (Anil S. Bhagwat and Swapan K. Bhattachrjee) Biochemistry of Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Biosynthesis - A review (Benoit Schoefs and Martine Bertrand) Chloroplast Biogenesis 90, Probing the Relationship between Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Routes and the Topography of Chloroplast Biogenesis by Resonance Excitation Energy Transfer Determinations (Constantin A. Rebeiz, Karen J. Kopetz, and Vladimir L. Kolossov, USA) Protochlorophyllide Photoreduction - A review (Martine Bertrand and Benoit Schoefs) Formation and Demolition of Chloroplast during Leaf Ontogeny (Basanti Biswal) Role of Phosphorus in Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism (Anna M. Rychter and I.M. Rao) Inhibition on Inactivation of Higher Plant Chloroplast Electron Transport (Rita Barr and Frederick L. Crane) Molecular Aspects of Photosynthesis: Photosystems, Photosynthetic Enzymes and Genes Photosystem I Structures and Functions (Teisuo Hiyama) Covalent Modification of Photosystem II Reaction-Center Polypeptides (Julian P. Whitelegge) Reactive Oxygen Species as Signaling Molecules Controlling Stress Adaptation in Plants (Tsanko Gechev, Ilya Gadjev, Stefan Dukiandjiev, and Ivan Minkov) Plastid Morphogenesis (Jan Hudak, Eliska Galova, and Lenka Zemanova) Plastid Proteases (Dennis E. Buetow) Supramolecular Organization of Water-Soluble Photosynthetic Enzymes Along the Thylakoid Membranes in Chloroplasts (Jayashree K. Sainis and Michael Melzer) Cytochrome C6 Genes in Cyanobacteria and Higher Plants (Kwok Ki Ho) Atmospheric and Environmental Factors Affecting Photosynthesis External and Internal Factors Responsible for Midday Depression of Photosynthesis (Da-Quan Xu and Yun-Kang Shen) Root Oxygen Depravation and the Reduction of Leaf Stomatal Aperture and Gas Exchange Effects on Photosynthesis (R.E. Sojka, H.D. Scott, and D.M. Oosterhuis) Rising Atmospheric CO2 and C4 Photosynthesis (Joseph C.V. Vu) Influence of High Light Intensity on Photosynthesis: Photoinhibition and Energy Dissipation (Robert Carpentier) Development of Functional Thylakoid Membranes: Regulation by Light and Hormones (Peter Nyitrai) Photosynthetic Pathways in Various Crop Plants Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation of C3, C4 and CAM Pathways (Anil S. Bhagwat) Photosynthesis in Non-Typical C4 Species (Maria Valeria Lara and Carlos Santiago Andreo) Photosynthesis in Lower and Monocellular Plants Regulation of Phycobilisome Biosynthesis and Degradation in Cyanobacteria (Johannes Geiselmann, Jean Houmard, and Benoit Schoefs) Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Photosynthesis During Leaf Development (Dan Stessman, Martin Spalding, and Steven Rodermel) Recent Advances in Chloroplast Development in Higher Plants (Ilia D. Denev, Galina T. Yahubian, and Ivan N. Minkov) Photosynthesis in Different Plant Parts Photosynthesis in Leaf, Stem, Flower, and Fruit (Abdul Wahid, and Ejaz Rasul) Photosynthesis and Plant/Crop Productivity and Photosynthetic Products Photosynthetic Plant Productivity (Lubomir Natr and David W. Lawlor) Photosynthates Formation and Partitioning in Crop Plants (Alberto A. Iglesias and F.E. Podesta) Photosynthesis and Plant Genetics Crop Radiation Use Efficiency - Avenue for Genetic Improvement (G.V. Subbarao, O. Ito, and W.L. Berry) Physiological Perspectives on Improving Crop Adaptation to Drought - Justification for a Systemic Compnent-Based Approach (G.V. Subbarao, O. Ito, R. Serraj, J.H. Crouch, S. Tobita, K. Okada, C.T. Hash, R. Ortiz, and W.L. Berry) Photosynthetic Activity Measurements and Analysis of Photosynthetic Pigments Whole-Plant CO2 Exchange as a Non-Invasive Tool for Measuring Growth (Evangelos D. Leonardos, and Bernard Grodzinski) Approaches to Measuring Plant Photosynthetic Activity (Elena Masarovicova and Katarina Kralova) Analysis of Photosynthetic Pigments: An Update (Martine Bertrand, Jose L. Garrido, and Benoit Schoefs) Photosynthesis and Its Relationship with other Plant Physiological Processes Photosynthesis, Respiration, and the Limits to Growth (Bruce N. Smith, Heidi A. Summers, Emily A. Keller, and Tonya Thygerson) Nitrogen Assimilation and Carbon Metabolism (Alberto A. Iglesias, Maria J. Estrella, and Fernando Pieckenstain) Leaf Senescence (Agnieszka Mostowska) Photosynthesis Under Environmental Stress Conditions Photosynthesis in Plants under Stressful Conditions (Rama Shanker Dubey) Photosynthetic Response of Green Plants to Environmental Stress: Inhibition of Photosynthesis and Adaptational Mechanisms (Basanti Biswal) Salt and Drought Stress Effects on Photosynthesis, Enzyme Cohesion and High Turn Over Metabolite Shuttling, Essential for Functioning of Pathways, Is Impaired by Changes in Cytosolic Water Potential (B, Huchzermeyer and H.W. Koyro) Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism of Crops under Salt Stress (Bruria Heuer) Photosynthesis under Drought Stress (Habib-ur-Rahman Athar and Muhammad Ashraf) Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Stomatal Limitation to Photosynthesis During Water Stress (Jana Pospisilova and Ian C. Dodd) Adverse Effects of UV-B Light on the Structure and Function of the Photosynthetic Apparatus (Imre Vass, Andras Szilard, and Cosmin Sicora) Heavy Metal Toxicity Induced Alterations in Photosynthetic Metabolism in Plants (Shruti Mishra and R.S, Dubey) Effects of Heavy Metals on Chlorophyll-Protein Complexes in Higher Plants: Causes and Consequences (Eva Sarvari) Photosynthesis in the Past, Present, and Future The Origin and Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis (Bruce N. Smith)
569 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-layer model of C 3canopy processes that effectively simulates hourly CO 2 and latent energy (LE) fluxes in a mixed deciduous Quercus-Acer (oak-maple) stand in central Massachusetts, USA is described.
Abstract: Our objective is to describe a multi-layer model of C 3canopy processes that effectively simulates hourly CO 2 and latent energy(LE) fluxes in a mixed deciduous Quercus-Acer (oak-maple) stand in central Massachusetts, USA . The key hypothesis governing the biological component of the model is that stomatal conductance (g s) is varied so that daily carbon uptake per unit of foliar nitrogen is maximized within the limitations of canopy water availability . The hydraulic system is modelled as an analogue to simple electrical circuits in parallel, including a separate soil hydraulic resistance, plant resistance and plant capacitance for each canopy layer . Stomatal opening is initially controlled to conserve plant water stores and delay the onset of water stress . Stomatal closure at a threshold minimum leaf water potential prevents xylem cavitation and controls the maximum rate of water flux through the hydraulic system . We show a strong correlation between predicted hourly CO 2 exchange rate (r2= 0.86) andLE (r2= 0.87) with independent whole-forest measurements made by the eddy correlation method during the summer of 1992. Our theoretical derivation shows that observed relationships between CO 2assimilation andLE flux can be explained on the basis of stomatal behaviour optimizing carbon gain, and provides an explicit link between canopy structure, soil properties, atmospheric conditions and stomatal conductance .
496 citations
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TL;DR: Various aspects of the biochemistry of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C3 plants are integrated into a form compatible with studies of gas exchange in leaves.
Abstract: Various aspects of the biochemistry of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C3 plants are integrated into a form compatible with studies of gas exchange in leaves. These aspects include the kinetic properties of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase; the requirements of the photosynthetic carbon reduction and photorespiratory carbon oxidation cycles for reduced pyridine nucleotides; the dependence of electron transport on photon flux and the presence of a temperature dependent upper limit to electron transport. The measurements of gas exchange with which the model outputs may be compared include those of the temperature and partial pressure of CO2(p(CO2)) dependencies of quantum yield, the variation of compensation point with temperature and partial pressure of O2(p(O2)), the dependence of net CO2 assimilation rate on p(CO2) and irradiance, and the influence of p(CO2) and irradiance on the temperature dependence of assimilation rate.
7,312 citations
"Changes in photosynthetic capacity,..." refers result in this paper
...This result is not compatible with the conclusion that the temperature dependence of CE is determined by the kinetic constants of ribulose-l,5bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase)-oxygenase and their respective temperature dependencies (Farquhar et al. 1980; Farquhar and von Caemmerer 1982), if we are to believe, that the temperature dependencies of the kinetic constants are the same for RuBPCase from all plant leaves....
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TL;DR: It was found that the response of the rate of CO2 Assimilation to irradiance, partial pressure of O2, p(O2), and temperature was different at low and high intercellular p(CO2), suggesting that CO2 assimilation rate is governed by different processes at lowand high inter cellular p (CO2).
Abstract: A series of experiments is presented investigating short term and long term changes of the nature of the response of rate of CO2 assimilation to intercellular p(CO2). The relationships between CO2 assimilation rate and biochemical components of leaf photosynthesis, such as ribulose-bisphosphate (RuP2) carboxylase-oxygenase activity and electron transport capacity are examined and related to current theory of CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. It was found that the response of the rate of CO2 assimilation to irradiance, partial pressure of O2, p(O2), and temperature was different at low and high intercellular p(CO2), suggesting that CO2 assimilation rate is governed by different processes at low and high intercellular p(CO2). In longer term changes in CO2 assimilation rate, induced by different growth conditions, the initial slope of the response of CO2 assimilation rate to intercellular p(CO2) could be correlated to in vitro measurements of RuP2 carboxylase activity. Also, CO2 assimilation rate at high p(CO2) could be correlated to in vitro measurements of electron transport rate. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CO2 assimilation rate is limited by the RuP2 saturated rate of the RuP2 carboxylase-oxygenase at low intercellular p(CO2) and by the rate allowed by RuP2 regeneration capacity at high intercellular p(CO2).
4,385 citations
TL;DR: A method is described which permits measurement of sap pressure in the xylem of vascular plants, and finds that in tall conifers there is a hydrostatic pressure gradient that closely corresponds to the height and seems surprisingly little influenced by the intensity of transpiration.
Abstract: A method is described which permits measurement of sap pressure in the xylem of vascular plants. As long predicted, sap pressures during transpiration are normally negative, ranging from -4 or -5 atmospheres in a damp forest to -80 atmospheres in the desert. Mangroves and other halophytes maintain at all times a sap pressure of -35 to -60 atmospheres. Mistletoes have greater suction than their hosts, usually by 10 to 20 atmospheres. Diurnal cycles of 10 to 20 atmospheres are common. In tall conifers there is a hydrostatic pressure gradient that closely corresponds to the height and seems surprisingly little influenced by the intensity of transpiration. Sap extruded from the xylem by gas pressure on the leaves is practically pure water. At zero turgor this procedure gives a linear relation between the intracellular concentration and the tension of the xylem.
4,079 citations
10 Oct 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the rate of ribulose bisphosphate (RuP2)-saturated carboxylation, the ratio of photorespiration to carbon dioxide, and the rates of electron transport/photophosphorylation and of “dark” respiration in the light.
Abstract: Photosynthesis is the incorporation of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and other substances into plant tissue using light energy from the sun. Most of this energy is used for the reduction of carbon dioxide and, consequently, there is a large body of biochemical and biophysical information about photo synthetic carbon assimilation. In an ecophysiological context, we believe that most of today’s biochemical knowledge can be summarized in a few simple equations. These equations represent the rate of ribulose bisphosphate (RuP2)-saturated carboxylation, the ratio of photorespiration to carboxylation, and the rates of electron transport/photophosphorylation and of “dark” respiration in the light. There are many other processes that could potentially limit CO2 assimilation, but probably do so rarely in practice. Fundamentally this may be due to the expense, in terms of invested nitrogen, of the carboxylase and of thylakoid functioning. To reach our final simple equations we must first discuss the biochemical and biophysical structures — as they are understood at present — that finally reduce the vast number of potentially rate-limiting processes to the four or five listed above. A diagrammatic representation of these processes is given in Fig. 16.1.
1,055 citations
Journal Article•
957 citations
"Changes in photosynthetic capacity,..." refers background in this paper
...Theoretical analyses have suggested that under certain hot and dry weather conditions a leaf may fix the maximum possible quantity of CO 2 for the use of a set but limited amount of water by decreasing conductance at midday and by restricting high rates of CO 2 uptake and transpiration to the early morning and late afternoon (Cowan and Farquhar 1977; Cowan 1982)....
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