Chapter 4 – Tests for the Elements, their Ions and Compounds
01 Jan 1972-pp 94-524
About: The article was published on 1972-01-01. It has received 6 citations till now.
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TL;DR: Since the mid-19th century, various pest eradication techniques have been employed on the anthropology collections at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution as mentioned in this paper, and these techniques are reviewed, and pesticide and fumigant use by early collectors and later collections management staff is documented.
Abstract: Since the mid-19th century, various pest eradication techniques have been employed on the anthropology collections at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. These techniques are reviewed, and pesticide and fumigant use by early collectors and later collections management staff is documented. Also chronicled are the ways in which the choice of chemicals has changed over the years and the decisions that led to those changes. The effects of pest eradication techniques on the collections are discussed, and the author's findings are offered as the basis for further research.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the main features, molecular structures and physical and chemical properties of these carbon types, so far as they are relevant to pigment studies, are reviewed in outline and some better-known pigments based on carbon are summarized, with an indication of which form or forms of carbon each contains.
Abstract: A primary classification of carbons is into crystalline and non-crystalline forms. The only crystalline carbon encountered as a pigment is graphite; a secondary classification for non-crystalline forms is into flame carbons (formed in the gas phase), cokes (formed in a liquid or plastic phase), chars (formed entirely in the solid phase) and natural forms such as coal. The main features, molecular structures and physical and chemical properties of these carbon types, so far as they are relevant to pigment studies, are reviewed in outline. Some better-known pigments based on carbon are summarized, with an indication of which form or forms of carbon each contains. X-ray diffraction patterns for graphites, and for examples of the non-crystalline types, are described and discussed. Particle morphology of various carbons and pigments, as elucidated from scanning electron micrographs, is described in some detail, and notes are added on the use of optical microscopy in studying these materials.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Freer collection of Japanese paintings of the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries has been determined, and basic lead carbonate (lead white) was found in 12 out of 13 Chinese paintings and in all three Korean paintings.
Abstract: Japanese paintings of the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries in the collection of the Freer Gallery of Art has been determined. In 12 out of 13 Chinese paintings, and in all three Korean paintings, basic lead carbonate (lead white) was found. Of the 29 Japanese paintings, six had basic lead carbonate, 20 had basic lead chloride (which occurred as two different compounds), and two carried both of these species. One Chinese painting had lead sulphate and one Japanese painting lead phosphate. Historical evidence suggests that two forms of 'lead white' were known and distinguished during the eighth century in Japan; the possible connection between this and the present findings on Japanese paintings is discussed.
16 citations
TL;DR: The outlook and likely impact of these tests on the expansion of scientific investigation and legacy and technical details of selected spot tests used in solving crime are described.
Abstract: Chemical spot tests are one of the oldest and simplest presumptive methods of analytical chemistry. They are an integral part of the schematic analysis of different types of substances in various pure and applied scientific disciplines including forensic science. The role of spot tests has remained eternal utility in different branches of forensic science to analyze various types of physical or trace evidences. Forensic experts need to have an absolute understanding of the foundation and technicality behind complex reactions of customary spot tests. Forensic science literature dwells in the diversity of spot tests but an informative and comprehensive compendium of such prose remains occasional and limited in general. Keeping in view the ample history and legacy of spot test, the current review was constructed from a core of historical literature to recapitulate trending applications, chemistry, and limitations of notable "Griess test", "Luminol test", "Kastle-Meyer test", "Phenolphthalein test", "Ninhydrin test", and "Spy dust" in forensic science. The aim of this review article was to describe the outlook and likely impact of these tests on the expansion of scientific investigation. The anticipated output of this review is supposed to impart compatible knowledge in the attentive readers interested in understanding legacy and technical details of selected spot tests used in solving crime.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the corrosion products on a silver dragon suspected to have been treated with cyanide revealed both silver cyanide and chalconatronite, which can be formed on silver objects cleaned or replated using a cyanide solution.
Abstract: Analysis of the corrosion products on a silver dragon suspected to have been treated with cyanide revealed both silver cyanide and chalconatronite. It appears that both of these corrosion products can be formed on silver objects cleaned or replated using a cyanide solution. These corrosion products darken with exposure to light; therefore, they may be mistaken for silver sulfide. In order to determine how to remove the highly poisonous cyanide corrosion product, numerous tests were run. Using a carefully timed procedure the silver cyanide was removed with an aqueous solution of 20% sodium thiosulfate. The chalconatronite was removed mechanically.
5 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the effects of gender stereotypes on gender diversity in the context of gender discrimination in the media and show that gender stereotypes can be used to discriminate between genders.
Abstract: 臭化水素酸溶液(約5N)からインジウムをイソプロピルエーテルにより抽出分離し,残液を蒸発乾固し,発煙硝酸または硝酸-過塩素酸で有機物を分解後,リン酸(4+50)を基礎液としてク形波ポーラログラフで-0.5～-1.0Vvs.Hg間のポーラログラムをとり鉛とカドミウムを定量し,-1.1～-1.6Vvs.Hg間のポーラログラムをとり亜鉛を定量した.また鉛は,インジウムを除去後,ジチゾン-ベンゼン溶液を用いて抽出し,アルカリ洗浄液で洗浄したのち,波長500mμのフィルターを用いて吸光度を測定し定量した.吸光光度法による鉛の分析値は,ポーラログラフ法による分析値よりも低い値を与えた.
2 citations
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the activators in the zinc sulfide phosphors were analyzed by colorimetry, and the results made it clear that activators are dissipated during the firing process in the preparation of phosphors and that copper is incorporated during the single-crystal preparation.
Abstract: The activators in the zinc sulfide phosphors were analyzed by colorimetry. The reagents were p-dimethylaminobenzylidene-rhodanine for the determination of silver in zinc sulfide and sodium dithiocarbamate, and zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate for copper. The analytical procedures were discussed, and the range of the activator content to which these procedures are applicable was clarified. The methods were then used to determine the activator contents in the phosphors in the form of powder and single crystals; the results obtained make it clear that the activators are dissipated during the firing process in the preparation of phosphors and that copper is incorporated during the single-crystal preparation.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for the photometric determination of microgram quantities of cobalt in stainless steel was described, where an 8N HCl solution of the sample is shaken with a 2: 1 mixture of methyl isobutylketone and amyl acetate to remove iron.
Abstract: A method is described for the photometric determination of microgram quantities of cobalt in stainless steel. An 8N HCl solution of the sample is shaken with a 2: 1 mixture of methyl isobutylketone and amyl acetate to remove iron. The aqueous layer is then introduced into an anion exchange resin column to remove nickel and chromium. Cobalt is desorbed from the column with 2.5N HCl and determined by the photometric nitroso-R salt method. Experiments using Co/ sup 6//sup 0/ and synthetic sample solutions indicate that cobalt in stainless steel can be determined by this method within an accuracy of 5 to 10% in the range of 0.0001 to 0.2%. The time required for a determination is approximately 2 to 3 hours.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a 1-(6-Chlorindazon C)-indazolylazo)-2-hydroxynaphthalin-3-carbonsaure is described.
Abstract: Der Komplexbildner 1-(6-Chlor-3-indazolylazo)-2-hydroxynaphthalin-3-carbonsaure ist zum Nachweis von Calciumspuren geeignet. Erfassungsgrenze: 0,005 μg Ca. Grenzkonzentration: 1∶108. Das Reagens bildet auserdem sehr verschieden gefarbte Komplexe mit einigen anderen anorganischen Kationen. Es wird dafur der Trivialname „Chlorindazon C“ vorgeschlagen. Einige Beispiele fur die Leistungsfahigkeit des Reagenses sind angegeben.
2 citations