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Book ChapterDOI

Chapter 4 – Tests for the Elements, their Ions and Compounds

01 Jan 1972-pp 94-524
About: The article was published on 1972-01-01. It has received 6 citations till now.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Since the mid-19th century, various pest eradication techniques have been employed on the anthropology collections at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution as mentioned in this paper, and these techniques are reviewed, and pesticide and fumigant use by early collectors and later collections management staff is documented.
Abstract: Since the mid-19th century, various pest eradication techniques have been employed on the anthropology collections at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. These techniques are reviewed, and pesticide and fumigant use by early collectors and later collections management staff is documented. Also chronicled are the ways in which the choice of chemicals has changed over the years and the decisions that led to those changes. The effects of pest eradication techniques on the collections are discussed, and the author's findings are offered as the basis for further research.

63 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the main features, molecular structures and physical and chemical properties of these carbon types, so far as they are relevant to pigment studies, are reviewed in outline and some better-known pigments based on carbon are summarized, with an indication of which form or forms of carbon each contains.
Abstract: A primary classification of carbons is into crystalline and non-crystalline forms. The only crystalline carbon encountered as a pigment is graphite; a secondary classification for non-crystalline forms is into flame carbons (formed in the gas phase), cokes (formed in a liquid or plastic phase), chars (formed entirely in the solid phase) and natural forms such as coal. The main features, molecular structures and physical and chemical properties of these carbon types, so far as they are relevant to pigment studies, are reviewed in outline. Some better-known pigments based on carbon are summarized, with an indication of which form or forms of carbon each contains. X-ray diffraction patterns for graphites, and for examples of the non-crystalline types, are described and discussed. Particle morphology of various carbons and pigments, as elucidated from scanning electron micrographs, is described in some detail, and notes are added on the use of optical microscopy in studying these materials.

48 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Freer collection of Japanese paintings of the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries has been determined, and basic lead carbonate (lead white) was found in 12 out of 13 Chinese paintings and in all three Korean paintings.
Abstract: Japanese paintings of the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries in the collection of the Freer Gallery of Art has been determined. In 12 out of 13 Chinese paintings, and in all three Korean paintings, basic lead carbonate (lead white) was found. Of the 29 Japanese paintings, six had basic lead carbonate, 20 had basic lead chloride (which occurred as two different compounds), and two carried both of these species. One Chinese painting had lead sulphate and one Japanese painting lead phosphate. Historical evidence suggests that two forms of 'lead white' were known and distinguished during the eighth century in Japan; the possible connection between this and the present findings on Japanese paintings is discussed.

16 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The outlook and likely impact of these tests on the expansion of scientific investigation and legacy and technical details of selected spot tests used in solving crime are described.
Abstract: Chemical spot tests are one of the oldest and simplest presumptive methods of analytical chemistry. They are an integral part of the schematic analysis of different types of substances in various pure and applied scientific disciplines including forensic science. The role of spot tests has remained eternal utility in different branches of forensic science to analyze various types of physical or trace evidences. Forensic experts need to have an absolute understanding of the foundation and technicality behind complex reactions of customary spot tests. Forensic science literature dwells in the diversity of spot tests but an informative and comprehensive compendium of such prose remains occasional and limited in general. Keeping in view the ample history and legacy of spot test, the current review was constructed from a core of historical literature to recapitulate trending applications, chemistry, and limitations of notable "Griess test", "Luminol test", "Kastle-Meyer test", "Phenolphthalein test", "Ninhydrin test", and "Spy dust" in forensic science. The aim of this review article was to describe the outlook and likely impact of these tests on the expansion of scientific investigation. The anticipated output of this review is supposed to impart compatible knowledge in the attentive readers interested in understanding legacy and technical details of selected spot tests used in solving crime.

7 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the corrosion products on a silver dragon suspected to have been treated with cyanide revealed both silver cyanide and chalconatronite, which can be formed on silver objects cleaned or replated using a cyanide solution.
Abstract: Analysis of the corrosion products on a silver dragon suspected to have been treated with cyanide revealed both silver cyanide and chalconatronite. It appears that both of these corrosion products can be formed on silver objects cleaned or replated using a cyanide solution. These corrosion products darken with exposure to light; therefore, they may be mistaken for silver sulfide. In order to determine how to remove the highly poisonous cyanide corrosion product, numerous tests were run. Using a carefully timed procedure the silver cyanide was removed with an aqueous solution of 20% sodium thiosulfate. The chalconatronite was removed mechanically.

5 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, analysenvorschrift zur Anwendung bei Serienanalysen wird mitgeteilt, e.g., eine hoch selektive, sehr rasche und genaue Methode zur bestimmung von Kalium.
Abstract: Durch Kombination des Kohlerschen Fallungsverfahrens von Tetraphenylborkalium aus mineralsaurer Losung mit der acidimetrischen Bestimmung des Tetraphenylbor-Ions nach Flaschka u. Mitarb. erhalt man eine hoch selektive, sehr rasche und genaue Methode zur Bestimmung von Kalium. Eine Analysenvorschrift zur Anwendung bei Serienanalysen wird mitgeteilt. Die Bestimmungen sind leicht mit einer Genauigkeit von 1% oder besser auszufuhren.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to solve the problem of 1:3=1:3 with β-ジケトン, where β is the number of vertices in a triangle.
Abstract: チタンイオンの呈色反応を次のごときβ-ジケトンにて行った.すなわちアセチルアセトン(I),ベンゾイルアセトン(II),ジベンゾイルメタン(III),2-フロイルベンゾイルメタン(IV),イソニコチニルベンゾイルメタン(V),ο-,m-,p-メトキシジベンゾイルメタン(VI,VII,VIII),ο-,m-,p-ニトロジベンゾイルメタン(IX,X,XI),m-,p-アミノジベンゾイルメタン(XII,XIII)およびp-カルボキシジベンゾイルメタン(XIV)を用いた.これらβ-ジケトンはTi3+およびTi4+ともに塩酸酸性溶液で着色錯塩を生成する.Ti3+錯塩は大体緑色,Ti4+錯塩は黄色を呈する.Ti3+の場合は(I)および(II)が感度がよく1滴中1γ,Ti4+の場合は(IV)が感度がよく1滴中0.1γ程度である.Fe3+, Zr4+およびF-は障害するが,Fe3+は亜鉛アマルガムでFe2+に還元することにより,またF-は塩化ベリリウムを加えることによりその障害を除去できる.本法は非常に感度がよく,障害イオンも少ない.元素分析およびJOBの連続変化法より推定される本錯塩の組成はTi:β-ジケトン=1:3である.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: スズ-鉛合金(スズ基, 試料), スズなどは酒石酸の添加によってその妨害を防いだ, 信易迅速に吸光光度定量する方法を研究した.
Abstract: スズ-鉛合金(スズ基,鉛基,強鉛基ホワイトメタル,各種活字合金)中の銅を簡易迅速に吸光光度定量する方法を研究した.発色試薬としてはビスシクロヘキサノンオキザリルジヒドラゾンを用い,発色きせるpHで沈殿するスズなどは酒石酸の添加によってその妨害を防いだ.すなわち,試料を酸に溶解し,一定量分取したのち,酒石酸アンモニウムを加え,水酸化ナトリウムでpHを8.5~9.5にし,緩衝溶液およびビスシクロヘキサノンオキザリルジヒドラゾンを加え,100mlに希釈し,10分後に590mμで吸光度を測定する.(1)各種ホワイトメタル,活字合金中の銅は酸で分解後,酒石酸塩で他元素の加水分解を防ぎ,pH9でBCO試薬を発色剤として用いることにより,分離操作をすることなく直接に定量することができた.(2)マスキング剤としては,クエン酸塩に比べ酒石酸塩のほうが有効であった.(3)分析所要時間は約30分,迅速現場分析として十分に利用できると考える.

2 citations