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Book ChapterDOI

Chapter 7 - Capacitive Deionization (CDI): An Alternative Cost-Efficient Desalination Technique

TL;DR: Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging and promising new technology for removal of ionic as well as polarizable species from water as discussed by the authors, which works on the principle of electroadsorption of ions at the surface of electrically charged electrodes, generally made of porous carbon materials.
Abstract: Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging and promising new technology for removal of ionic as well as polarizable species from water. It is an alternative to membrane-based technologies, having low operational cost, enhanced energy efficiency, and less water rejection. The technology works on the principle of electroadsorption of ions at the surface of electrically charged electrodes, generally made of porous carbon materials. The concept of CDI date back to the 1960s but the community of CDI has grown exponentially in last two decade. The chapter deals with the history of CDI, different patents which revolutionized the technology and the theory of electroadsorption. Different advancements in the technology such as introduction of different cell architectures, parameters responsible for efficient CDI cells, development of different novel electrode materials such as carbon aerogel (CA), carbon cloth, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene and its composites, carbon fibers, and mexenes, and commercialization of CDI products have been discussed in detail. The chapter also gives a brief outlook on the current status and future development of this technology.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
20 May 2020-ACS Nano
TL;DR: This Review presents the compelling need for providing access to clean water through nanotechnology-enabled solutions and large disparities in ensuring their implementation and suggests specific pointers and quantify the impact of such technologies.
Abstract: Sustainable nanotechnology has made substantial contributions in providing contaminant-free water to humanity. In this Review, we present the compelling need for providing access to clean water through nanotechnology-enabled solutions and the large disparities in ensuring their implementation. We also discuss the current nanotechnology frontiers in diverse areas of the clean water space with an emphasis on applications in the field and provide suggestions for future research. Extending the vision of sustainable and affordable clean water to environment in general, we note that cities can live and breathe well by adopting such technologies. By understanding the global environmental challenges and exploring remedies from emerging nanotechnologies, sustainability in clean water can be realized. We suggest specific pointers and quantify the impact of such technologies.

105 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an extensive review of the optimisation of the RES-RO desalination system is presented based on optimal system sizing, optimal system operation and optimal thermodynamic analysis.
Abstract: Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination has become a prominent desalination method for fresh-water production from either saline seawater or brackish water to meet the ever-growing demand for water, especially in water-scarce regions. Its integration with renewable energy sources (RES) reduces the environmental impact of carbon emission by conventional fossil fuel energy sources. The optimisation of the RES-RO desalination system is intended mainly to minimise total system cost and energy requirements and to guarantee system reliability. In this study, an extensive review of the optimisation of the RES-RO desalination system is presented based on optimal system sizing, optimal system operation and optimal thermodynamic analysis. RES such as geothermal, ocean, wind and solar energy and their hybrids were considered alongside desalination methods. Important findings of the review were discussed, and recommendations made for future work. Key recommendations of this study include the suggestion that extensive optimisation and analysis of a RES-RO system should utilise optimisation approaches that combine the sizing, operation and thermodynamic effect of the system. Future work should furthermore incorporate both economic and reliability indices in the formation of objective functions. Finally, demand response programmes can be introduced to the RES-RO system for demand side management. This has the potential of minimising system cost while maximising fresh-water production.

85 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Yan Wang1, Lei Guo1, Pengfei Qi1, Xiaomin Liu1, Gang Wei1, Gang Wei2 
TL;DR: This work presents recent advances in the synthesis and water remediation applications of 3D GBHMs, and details on the synthesis strategies, the water treatment techniques, and the adsorption/removal of various pollutants from water systems withGBHMs are demonstrated and discussed.
Abstract: Graphene-based nanostructures and nanomaterials have been widely used for the applications in materials science, biomedicine, tissue engineering, sensors, energy, catalysis, and environmental science due to their unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties. Compared to two-dimensional (2D) graphene materials, three-dimensional (3D) graphene-based hybrid materials (GBHMs) exhibited higher surface area and special porous structure, making them excellent candidates for practical applications in water purification. In this work, we present recent advances in the synthesis and water remediation applications of 3D GBHMs. More details on the synthesis strategies of GBHMs, the water treatment techniques, and the adsorption/removal of various pollutants from water systems with GBHMs are demonstrated and discussed. It is expected that this work will attract wide interests on the structural design and facile synthesis of novel 3D GBHMs, and promote the advanced applications of 3D GBHMs in energy and environmental fields.

63 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2020-Carbon
TL;DR: In this article, a flow activated carbon (AC)/carbon black (CB) slurry is combined with ferri-/ferrocyanide redox couple to achieve high energy consumption and low salt removal rate.

28 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a feasibility study of the integration of solar panels with the grid to power small-scale reverse osmosis systems (namely up to 2000 m3/day) is conducted in Iran, as a country with a low price of electricity.

23 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
22 Oct 2004-Science
TL;DR: Monocrystalline graphitic films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect.
Abstract: We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.

55,532 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
02 Aug 2002-Science
TL;DR: Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects.
Abstract: Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects. Some of these applications are now realized in products. Others are demonstrated in early to advanced devices, and one, hydrogen storage, is clouded by controversy. Nanotube cost, polydispersity in nanotube type, and limitations in processing and assembly methods are important barriers for some applications of single-walled nanotubes.

9,693 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Capacitive deionization (CDI) as mentioned in this paper is a promising technology for energy-efficient water desalination using porous carbon electrodes, which is made of porous carbons optimized for salt storage capacity and ion and electron transport.

1,622 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the standard molar Gibbs free energies of hydration, ΔhydG°, of 109 (mainly inorganic) ions ranging in their charges from −3 to +4 have been compiled and interpreted in terms of a model used previously for other thermodynamic quantities.
Abstract: The standard molar Gibbs free energies of hydration, ΔhydG°, of 109 (mainly inorganic) ions ranging in their charges from –3 to +4 have been compiled and interpreted in terms of a model used previously for other thermodynamic quantities of hydration. The main contributions to ΔhydG° are the electrostatic effects, resulting in solvent immobilization, electrostriction, and dielectric saturation in a hydration shell of specified thickness, and further such effects on the water that surrounds this shell. Other effects contribute to ΔhydG° to a minor extent only.

1,574 citations

Reference EntryDOI
15 Mar 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, a general definition and terminology for the Determination of Isotherm Isotherms is defined and a methodology for the determination of the isotherm is presented.
Abstract: The sections in this article are Introduction General Definitions and Terminology Methodology Methods for the Determination of Adsorption Isotherms Operational Definitions of Adsorption Experimental Procedures Outgassing the Adsorbent Determination of the Adsorption Isotherm Evaluation of Adsorption Data Presentation of Primary Data Classification of Adsorption Isotherms Adsorption Hysteresis Determination of Surface Area Application of the BET Method Empirical Procedures for Isotherm Analysis Assessment of Mesoporosity Properties of Porous Materials Application of the Kelvin Equation Computation of Mesopore Size Distribution Assessment of Microporosity Terminology Concept of Surface Area Assessment of Micropore Volume General Conclusions and Recommendations Keywords: physisorption data; IUPAC; adsorption isotherms; surface area; BET isotherm

1,159 citations