Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis
TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis characteristics of three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of biomass were investigated using, respectively, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detector and a pack bed.
About: This article is published in Fuel.The article was published on 2007-08-01. It has received 5859 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Hemicellulose & Cellulose.
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TL;DR: A molecular-level assessment of the physical organization and chemical complexity of biomass-derived chars and, specifically, that of aromatic carbon in char structures suggests the existence of four distinct categories of char consisting of a unique mixture of chemical phases and physical states.
Abstract: Char black carbon (BC), the solid residue of incomplete combustion, is continuously being added to soils and sediments due to natural vegetation fires, anthropogenic pollution, and new strategies for carbon sequestration (“biochar”). Here we present a molecular-level assessment of the physical organization and chemical complexity of biomass-derived chars and, specifically, that of aromatic carbon in char structures. Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET)−N2 surface area (SA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), synchrotron-based near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy are used to show how two plant materials (wood and grass) undergo analogous but quantitatively different physical−chemical transitions as charring temperature increases from 100 to 700 °C. These changes suggest the existence of four distinct categories of char consisting of a unique mixture of chemical phases and physical states: (i) in transition chars, the crystalline character of the precursor ma...
2,283 citations
TL;DR: A broad review of the state-of-the-art biomass pyrolysis research can be found in this article, where three major components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) are discussed in detail.
1,613 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a general summary of the properties of pyrolytic products and their analysis methods is given, as well as a review of the parameters that affect the process and a summary of current state of the art.
Abstract: Pyrolysis is one of the thermochemical technologies for converting biomass into energy and chemical products consisting of liquid bio-oil, solid biochar, and pyrolytic gas. Depending on the heating rate and residence time, biomass pyrolysis can be divided into three main categories slow (conventional), fast and flash pyrolysis mainly aiming at maximising either the bio-oil or biochar yields. Synthesis gas or hydrogen-rich gas can also be the target of biomass pyrolysis. Maximised gas rates can be achieved through the catalytic pyrolysis process, which is now increasingly being developed. Biomass pyrolysis generally follows a three-step mechanism comprising of dehydration, primary and secondary reactions. Dehydrogenation, depolymerisation, and fragmentation are the main competitive reactions during the primary decomposition of biomass. A number of parameters affect the biomass pyrolysis process, yields and properties of products. These include the biomass type, biomass pretreatment (physical, chemical, and biological), reaction atmosphere, temperature, heating rate and vapour residence time. This manuscript gives a general summary of the properties of the pyrolytic products and their analysis methods. Also provided are a review of the parameters that affect biomass pyrolysis and a summary of the state of industrial pyrolysis technologies.
1,379 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the main steps of pyrolysis and the composition of the products obtained from each constituent were synthesized and the results were used to predict the reactivity and energy content of these products and evaluate their potential use as biofuels in renewable applications.
Abstract: The conversion of biomass by thermochemical means is very promising for the substitution of fossil materials in many energy applications. Given the complexity of biomass the main challenge in its use is to obtain products with high yield and purity. For a better understanding of biomass thermochemical conversion, many authors have studied in TG analyzer or at bed scale the individual pyrolysis of its main constituents (i.e. cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin). Based on these studies, this original work synthesizes the main steps of conversion and the composition of the products obtained from each constituent. Pyrolysis conversion can be described as the superposition of three main pathways (char formation, depolymerization and fragmentation) and secondary reactions. Lignin, which is composed of many benzene rings, gives the highest char yield and its depolymerization leads to various phenols. The depolymerization of the polysaccharides is a source of anhydro-saccharides and furan compounds. The fragmentation of the different constituents and the secondary reactions produce CO, CO2 and small chain compounds. For temperature higher than 500 °C, the residues obtained from the different constituents present a similar structure, which evolves towards a more condensed polyaromatic form by releasing CH4, CO and H2. As the aromatic rings and their substituent composition have a critical influence on the reactivity of pyrolysis products, a particular attention has been given to their formation. Some mechanisms are proposed to explain the formation of the main products. From the results of this study it is possible to predict the reactivity and energy content of the pyrolysis products and evaluate their potential use as biofuels in renewable applications.
1,234 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of extracting cellulose from sisal fiber, by means of two different procedures was carried out, including usual chemical procedures such as acid hydrolysis, chlorination, alkaline extraction, and bleaching.
Abstract: In this work a study on the feasibility of extracting cellulose from sisal fiber, by means of two different procedures was carried out. These processes included usual chemical procedures such as acid hydrolysis, chlorination, alkaline extraction, and bleaching. The final products were characterized by means of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The extraction procedures that were used led to purified cellulose. Advantages and disadvantages of both procedures were also analyzed. Finally, nanocellulose was produced by the acid hydrolysis of obtained cellulose and characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).
1,186 citations
Cites background or methods from "Characteristics of hemicellulose, c..."
...For example, Yang et al ( Yang et al. 2007 ) showed that in the thermal analysis, cellulose decomposition started at 315 C and persisted until 400 C. Maximum weight loss rate was reached at 355 C. At 400 Ca lmost all cellulose was pyrolyzed, and the solid residuals were relatively small (6.5 wt.%)....
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...The wide temperature range observed during lignin decomposition is due to the different activities of the chemical bonds present on its structure ( Yang et al. 2007 )....
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...The infrared spectra of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were studied in the literature ( Yang et al. 2007; Alvarez and Vazquez 2006; Oh et al. 2005; Nelson and O’Connor 1964)....
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References
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TL;DR: The potential of a restored landfill site to act as a biomass source, providing fuel to supplement landfill gas-fuelled power stations, is examined, together with a comparison of the economics of power production from purpose-grown biomass versus waste-biomass.
4,162 citations
"Characteristics of hemicellulose, c..." refers background in this paper
...The differences in the inherent structures and chemical nature of the three components possibly account for the different behaviors observed [5,9]....
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TL;DR: The conversion technologies for utilizing biomass can be separated into four basic categories: direct combustion processes, thermochemical processes, biochemical processes and agrochemical processes as discussed by the authors, which can be subdivided into gasification, pyrolysis, supercritical fluid extraction and direct liquefaction.
1,578 citations
"Characteristics of hemicellulose, c..." refers background in this paper
...However, pyrolysis is an extremely complex process; it generally goes through a series of reactions and can be influenced by many factors [1–4]....
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Book•
06 Jul 1998
TL;DR: In this article, photosynthesis of biomass and its conversion-related properties are discussed, including thermal conversion, Pyrolysis and Liquefaction, gasification, and combustion.
Abstract: Preface. Energy Consumption, Reserves, Depletion, Environmental Issues. Biomass as an Energy Resource: Concept and Markets. Photosynthesis of Biomass and Its Conversion-Related Properties. Virgin Biomass Production. Waste Biomass Abundance, Energy Potential, and Availability. Physical Conversion Processes. Thermal Coversion: Combustion. Thermal Conversion: Pyrolysis and Liquefaction. Thermal Converstion: Gasification. Natural Biochemical Liquefaction. Synthetic Oxygenated Liquid Fuels. Microbial Conversion: Gasification. Organic Commodity Chemicals from Biomass. Integrated Biomass Production Conversion Systems and Net Energy Production. Epilogue. Appendices. Subject Index.
1,052 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the different roles of the three components (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) in pyrolysis are investigated in depth using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA).
Abstract: To better understand biomass pyrolysis, the different roles of the three components (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) in pyrolysis are investigated in depth using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The pyrolysis characteristics of the three components are first analyzed, and the process of biomass pyrolysis is divided into four ranges according to the temperatures specified by individual components. Second, synthesized biomass samples containing two or three of the biomass components are developed on the basis of a simplex-lattice approach. The pyrolysis of the synthesized samples indicates negligible interaction among the three components and a linear relationship occurring between the weight loss and proportion of hemicellulose (or cellulose) and residues at the specified temperature ranges. Finally, two sets of multiple linear-regression equations are established for predicting the component proportions in a biomass and the weight loss of a biomass during pyrolysis in TGA, respectively. The resul...
1,000 citations
"Characteristics of hemicellulose, c..." refers methods in this paper
...Our previous study on the three components [11] focused on the prediction of biomass pyrolysis behavior in TGA from the fractions of the three components....
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TL;DR: In the liquefaction process, the micellar-like broken down fragments produced by hydrolysis are degraded to smaller compounds by dehydration, dehydrogenation, deoxygenation and decarboxylation as mentioned in this paper.
904 citations
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