Characteristics of household activity and travel patterns in the Mumbai metropolitan region
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey instrument called an activity-travel diary, which collects the finer details of activities of each individual over both time and space, and analyze the relationship between socioeconomic attributes, activities and trip-making behavior.
Abstract: Activity-based modelling approaches require a typical survey instrument which can collect the finer details of activities of each individual over both time and space. This paper focuses on the design of a new survey instrument called an activity-travel diary; examines its method of administration; and analyses activity-travel behaviour in the context of developing countries. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region in India is selected as the study area. With the aim of understanding the activities of each individual over a period of time, a pilot survey was conducted in a continuous time frame for a period of 15 days, followed by a main survey. The analysis of data collected by the instrument reveals some interesting facts regarding the relationships between socioeconomic attributes, activities and trip making behaviour. Identification of interactions among households and other members were also facilitated by the newly designed diary, which is not a well-versed topic for research in the context of a developing ec...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of multitasking on the value of travel time savings (VTTS) was studied, and the authors found that the VTTS reduced by 26% for individuals who performed multitasking for reading on a mobile device, usage of social media, messaging or talking to someone on phone, and for gaming.
Abstract: This study looks into the multitasking patterns for the developing world, while providing empirical evidences of the effect of multitasking on the value of travel time savings (VTTS). The multitasking behaviour during travel was studied, ascertaining the effect of various socio-economic variables, access to information and communication technologies (ICT), and travel related factors. Travel diary data was collected across the city of Mumbai, India for 1123 individuals capturing their revealed preferences on travel and multitasking during travel. It was observed that having a smartphone with an internet usage of more than one GB data had positive significant impacts on ICT dependent multitasking activities. In addition, the proportion of no-activity also significantly reduced with higher access to ICT. It was observed that the VTTS reduced by 26% for individuals who performed multitasking. Furthermore, for reading on a mobile device, usage of social media, messaging or talking to someone on phone, and for gaming, the VTTS reduced by 25%, 37%, and 16% respectively. Findings were used to make cross country comparisons and discuss policy implications.
51 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the interrelationships between three key areas viz. ICT, social disadvantage, and activity participation behavior, and found that an increase in access to ICT increased in-home leisure participation and travel time allocation.
Abstract: Studies on the social role of transport disadvantage have influenced the policy discourse, especially in the developed world. However, the potential of information and communication technologies (ICT) to improve access to opportunities has been rarely explored. In a scenario where disparities exist in both physical proximity and access to ICT, this study aims to analyse the interrelationships between three key areas viz. ICT, social disadvantage, and activity participation behaviour. A time use survey representative of Mumbai’s housing disparity was conducted for 1205 individuals. The data showcased the differences in household socio-economic characteristics, individual personal characteristics, ICT use patterns, activity participation, and time allocation patterns. Structural equation modelling was used to evaluate exclusionary factors and their interconnectedness. It was found out that ‘social advantage’ had a significant positive relationship with ‘access to ICT’ and ‘farness to services’. The effects of exclusionary factors, along with activity and individual specific variables were tested on activity participation and time allocation behaviour using type II Tobit models. Finally, marginal effects of ‘access to ICT’ and ‘farness to services’ on activity participation and time allocation behaviour were estimated. The findings suggested that an increase in access to ICT increased in-home leisure participation and travel time allocation. However, no significant positive relationship was established between access to ICT and in-home mandatory activities. Policy implications of the findings were discussed highlighting the importance of an integrated framework to improve both physical access and the access to ICT to tackle the issue of social exclusion.
21 citations
TL;DR: A Resident Travel Survey System for GPS data collection and travel diary verification, and then a two-step method to identify trip ends that performs well in trip ends identification and promotes the efficiency of travel survey systems.
Abstract: Smartphones have been advocated as the preferred devices for travel behavior studies over conventional surveys. But the primary challenges are candidate stops extraction from GPS data and trip ends...
9 citations
Cites background from "Characteristics of household activi..."
...Respondents were asked to record time and location when moving into a place and staying for a period (Fu et al. 2016), or to send SMS messages at the beginning and end of work-or-school related trips (Subbarao and Rao 2014; Reinau, Harder, and Weber 2015); (ii) Recall relying on memory....
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01 Sep 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a study on the independent and joint travel of working people, during weekdays and weekends are discussed, and four types of daily activity-travel patterns are examined, such as Simple-Independent, Simple-Joint, Complex-Independent and Complex-Jointed.
Abstract: Understanding the intra-household interaction elements such as independent and joint activity participation and travel, over multiple days are very less explored, especially in the context of developing countries like India. This paper discusses the results of a study on the independent and joint travel of working people, during weekdays and weekends. Four types of daily activity-travel patterns are examined, such as Simple-Independent, Simple-Joint, Complex-Independent and Complex-Joint. Multinomial logit modelling is adopted to model the type of activity-travel pattern as a function of socio-demographic attributes and day of week variables. Models were developed for whole-week, weekdays and weekends separately. The data used for this study is collected using questionnaire drop off and pickup method, from Calicut city, Kerala State, India. Analyses presented here are based on a sample of 936 working people. The results indicate that males are more likely to perform Complex-Independent type of travel pattern, compared to females. The influence of age, gender, marital status, education level and exclusive vehicle availability are similar during weekdays and weekends. The presence of elderly persons, young children and students at home are observed to be significant in influencing the choice of activity-pattern types during weekdays, whereas during weekends, these variables did not emerge as significant ones. On Sunday, the possibility for joint travel is significantly higher than other days of the week. Studies in this line are expected to assist transportation planners in formulating day of week specific policy strategies.
8 citations
TL;DR: The study established that artificial intelligence can replace the conventional econometric methods for modelling the activity-travel behaviour of students and can also be used for analysing the impact of short term travel demand management measures.
Abstract: Travel demand models are required by transportation planners to predict the travel behaviour of people with different socio-economic characteristics. Travel behaviour of students act as an essential component of travel demand modelling. This behaviour is reflected in the educational activity travel pattern, the timing, sequence and mode of travel of students. Roads in the vicinity of schools are adversely affected during the school opening and closing hours. It enhances the traffic congestion, emission and safety problems around schools. It is necessary to improve the safety of school going children by understanding the present travel behaviour and to develop efficient sustainable traffic management measures to reduce congestion in the vicinity of schools. It is possible only if the travel behaviour of educational activities are studied. This travel behaviour is complex in nature and lot of uncertainty exists. Selection of modelling technique is very important for modelling the complex travel behaviour of students. This leads to the importance of application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in this area. AI techniques are highly developed in twenty first century due to the advancements in computer, big data and theoretical understanding. It is proved in the literature that these techniques are suitable for modelling the human behaviour. However, it has not been used in behaviourally oriented activity based modelling. This study is aimed to develop a model system to predict the daily travel behaviour of students using artificial intelligence technique, ANN. These ANN models were then compared with the conventional econometric models developed. It was observed that artificial intelligence models provide better results than econometric models in predicting the activity-travel behaviour of students. These models were further applied to study the variation in activity-travel behaviour, if short term travel-demand management measures like promoting walking for educational activities are implemented. Thus the study established that artificial intelligence can replace the conventional econometric methods for modelling the activity-travel behaviour of students. It can also be used for analysing the impact of short term travel demand management measures.
8 citations
Cites background from "Characteristics of household activi..."
...Subbarao and Rao (2014) analysed the activity travel behaviour in the context of Mumbai metropolitan region by developing a new activity travel diary....
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References
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TL;DR: A hand-held computer (Personal Digital Assistant or PDA) with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to capture vehicle-based, daily travel information and the results of the machine-recorded trips to self-reported trips captured by telephone interview are compared.
Abstract: In the United States, information about daily travel patterns is generally captured using self-reported information using a written diary and telephone retrieval (or mail-back of diary forms). Problems with these methods include lack of reporting for short trips, poor data quality on travel start and end times, total trip times and destination locations. This project combined a hand-held computer (Personal Digital Assistant or PDA) with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to capture vehicle-based, daily travel information. The vehicle driver uses a menu to enter variables such as trip purpose and vehicle occupancy, but other data such as date, start time, end time, and vehicle position (latitude and longitude) are collected automatically at frequent intervals. The field test was conducted in Lexington, Kentucky in fall, 1996, with 100 households to use the equipment for six days. Respondents also completed a telephone survey for one day of travel (attempted for day 5). The field test was a test of equipment and willingness of the general public to participate, rather than to obtain a statistically valid travel behavior dataset for the Lexington area. One improvement to the hardware would be for the equipment to turn on automatically. There are limitations to the dataset and analyses that are discussed where appropriate. Although the dataset is small, this paper compares the results of the machine-recorded trips to self-reported trips captured by telephone interview. Self-reported distances are much longer than distances recorded by the PDA/GPS. A recalled distance of 10 miles was, on average, only 6.5 miles when the GPS points are matched to a positionally accurate base file. Similarly, recalled times generally exceed median measured values, but the differences are much smaller than for distances. Respondents reported that data entry of 1 min at the beginning of each trip over the six-day survey period was not burdensome. Recommendations for improving the hardware and software for conducting other travel surveys using GPS, and improving the utility of travel data collected using GPS are provided. One of the benefits of incorporating a GPS device into the survey process was the ability to collect information on route choice and travel speed. However, this paper does not address these topics.
311 citations
"Characteristics of household activi..." refers background in this paper
...Technological advancements have led to the development of new data collection techniques incorporating geographical information systems (GIS) and GPS (Murakami and Wagner 1999)....
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...An option of dynamic activity-travel diary data collection using global positioning systems (GPS) with a GPS-enabled personal digital assistant has been explored by Kochan (2004)....
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17 Nov 2008
TL;DR: McNally et al. as discussed by the authors proposed the activity-based approach (ABA) to understand the underlying travel behavior, which is different from the conventional trip-based model of travel behavior.
Abstract: Author(s): McNally, Michael G.; Rindt, Craig | Abstract: What is the activity-based approach (ABA) and how does it differ from the conventional trip-based model of travel behavior? From where has the activity approach evolved, what is its current status, and what are its potential applications in transportation forecasting and policy analysis. What have been the contributions of activity-based approaches to understanding travel behavior?The conventional trip-based model of travel demand forecasting (see Chapters 2 and 3) has always lacked a valid representation of underlying travel behavior. This model, commonly referred to as the four-step model (FSM), was developed to evaluate the impact of capital-intensive infrastructure investment projects during a period where rapid increases in transportation supply were arguably accommodating, if not directing, the growth in population and economic activity of the post-war boom. As long as the institutional environment and available resources supported this policy, trip-based models were sufficient to assess the relative performance of transportation alternatives. It was clear from the beginning, however, that the derived nature of the demand for transportation was understood and accepted, yet not reflected in the FSM. The 1970s, however, brought fundamental changes in urban, environmental, and energy policy, and with it the first re-consideration of travel forecasting. It was during this period that the ABA was first studied in depth.A wealth of behavioral theories, conceptual frameworks, analytical methodologies, and empirical studies of travel behavior emerged during this same period that the policy environment was evolving. These advances shared "a common philosophical perspective, whereby the conventional approach to the study of travel behavior ... is replaced by a richer, more holistic, framework in which travel is analyzed as daily or multi-day patterns of behavior, related to and derived from differences in lifestyles and activity participation among the population" (Jones et al., 1990). This common philosophy has become known as the “activity-based approach”. The motivation of the activity approach is that travel decisions are activity based, and that any understanding of travel behavior is secondary to a fundamental understanding of activity behavior. The activity approach explicitly recognizes and addresses the inability of trip-based models to reflect underlying behavior and, therefore, the inability of such models to be responsive to evolving policies oriented toward management versus expansion of transportation infrastructure and services.In the next section, a summary and critique of the convention trip-based approach is presented, followed by an overview of ABAs, focusing on how these approaches address the various limitations of the conventional model. This is followed by a review of representative examples of activity-based approaches, including several perhaps best considered as contributions to understanding travel behavior, and several oriented toward direct application in forecasting and policy analysis. Some summary comments are then provided including an assessment of the future of both trip-based and activity-based approaches.
261 citations
"Characteristics of household activi..." refers background in this paper
...…2014 Vol. 37, No. 5, 484–504, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2014.912421 © 2014 Taylor & Francis inaccurate data can occasionally lead researchers astray; hence a major challenge to researchers is to identify the type of data that is both appropriate and necessary (McNally and Rindt 2007)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined household interactions impacting weekday in-home and out-of-home maintenance activity generation in active, nuclear family, households and found that traditional gender roles continue to exist and non-working women are more likely to share a large burden of the household maintenance tasks.
Abstract: The activity travel patterns of individuals in a household are inter-related, and the realistic modeling of activity-travel behavior requires that these interdependencies be explicitly accommodated. This paper examines household interactions impacting weekday in-home and out-of-home maintenance activity generation in active, nuclear family, households. The in-home maintenance activity generation is modeled by examining the duration invested by the male and female household heads in household chores using a seemingly unrelated regression modeling system. The out-of-home maintenance activity generation is modeled in terms of the decision of the household to undertake shopping, allocation of the task to one or both household heads, and the duration of shopping for the person(s) allocated the responsibility. A joint mixed-logit hazard-duration model structure is developed and applied to the modeling of out-of-home maintenance activity generation. The results indicate that traditional gender roles continue to exist and, in particular, non-working women are more likely to share a large burden of the household maintenance tasks. The model for out-of-home maintenance activity generation indicates that joint activity participation in the case of shopping is motivated by resource (automobiles) constraints. Finally, women who have a higher propensity to shop are also found to be inherently more efficient shoppers.
209 citations
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the authors described the results of a pilot survey that used a one-day activity diary to collect origin-destination data, as opposed to a travel-based diary.
Abstract: The paper describes the results of a pilot survey that used a one-day activity diary to collect origin-destination data, as opposed to a travel-based diary. The design of the diary is discussed, together with a comparison to a more conventional travel diary. The paper examines the extent to which the activity diary appears to have been capable of collecting good travel data that is at least comparable to travel diary efforts. In addition, a substantial portion of the paper is concerned with a comparison of the retrieval methods for the diaries. Two alternative methods were pilot-tested, one being the use of telephone retrieval and the other being mailback retrieval. Although the pilot test used small samples, the evidence appears to be strong that mailback is preferable to telephone retrieval, while telephone retrieval did not seem capable of providing some of the benefits often ascribed to it.
132 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors described the results of a pilot survey that used a one-day activity diary to collect origin-destination data, as opposed to a travel-based diary.
Abstract: The paper describes the results of a pilot survey that used a one-day activity diary to collect origin-destination data, as opposed to a travel-based diary. The design of the diary is discussed, together with a comparison to a more conventional travel diary. The paper examines the extent to which the activity diary appears to have been capable of collecting good travel data that is at least comparable to travel diary efforts. In addition, a substantial portion of the paper is concerned with a comparison of the retrieval methods for the diaries. Two alternative methods were pilot-tested, one being the use of telephone retrieval and the other being mailback retrieval. Although the pilot test used small samples, the evidence appears to be strong that mailback is preferable to telephone retrieval, while telephone retrieval did not seem capable of providing some of the benefits often ascribed to it.
117 citations
"Characteristics of household activi..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The development of diary instruments in household travel surveys is well documented in various studies (cf. Axhausen 1995; Stecher et al. 1996; Stopher 1992, 1996, 2007; Hawkins and Stopher 2004)....
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...Stopher (1992) found the mail-back method to be effective when compared to telephone interviews....
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