Characterization of Ancient Mortars from Minoan City of Kommos in Crete
Pagona-Noni Maravelaki,Antonis Theologitis,Meral Budak Unaler,Chrysi Kapridaki,Kali Kapetanaki,James Wright +5 more
- Vol. 4, Iss: 4, pp 3908-3918
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TLDR
In this paper, the authors analyzed 10 ancient mortars from Kommos in Crete using stereo-and digital microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine texture, morphology, mineralogical properties.Abstract:
This work characterizes ancient mortars used in construction of the Bronze Age Minoan port at Kommos in Crete. The port dates from c. 1850 BCE with port facilities at the harbor and residences on the Central hillside and the Hilltop. A Greek, Phoenician, and Roman sanctuary overlies the administrative center. The first step collected representative samples from the different construction phases, previous conservation interventions, exposure to different environmental factors, and different material composition. From these 10 mortar samples were analyzed using stereo- and digital microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine texture, morphology, mineralogical, and physico-chemical properties. The physico-chemical and mineralogical analyses divided the samples into two groups: lime binder mortars and earthen binder mortars. The main minerals identified in the samples are calcite, quartz, dolomite, illite, albite, kaolinite, and vermiculite. Analysis of local clay showed that local materials were used in the production of these mortars. The analysis of mortar samples with stereomicroscopy, XRF, and FTIR showed that the samples are mainly composed of calcite and silicates in major quantities along with aluminum, magnesium, and iron oxide in minor quantities. A wide variety of local aggregates and ceramic fragments were used in the production of these ancient mortars. The mortar condition resulted in a decay state that needs conservation interventions. This characterization of the ancient mortars was important for the design of compatible restoration mortars.read more
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Investigation of the technology of historic mortars
TL;DR: In this paper, different mortar technologies are investigated aiming to answer questions regarding their finality, i.e. whether their differences arise mainly from the various historical periods of construction or from the purposes they had to serve, imparting to the mortars the properties required by their function in the structure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Distinguishing between calcites formed by different mechanisms using infrared spectrometry: archaeological applications
Lior Regev,Kristin M. Poduska,Lia Addadi,Steve Weiner,Elisabetta Boaretto,Elisabetta Boaretto +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors exploit differences in the infrared spectra of geogenic, biogenic and pyrogenic calcites for the identification of each calcite type, which can assist in distinguishing between the various calcites, and provide insights into homogeneity and preservation state of the calcitic materials in question.
Journal ArticleDOI
Strength development and lime reaction in mortars for repairing historic masonries
Antonia Moropoulou,Asterios Bakolas,P. Moundoulas,Eleni Aggelakopoulou,Sophia Anagnostopoulou +4 more
TL;DR: In this paper, restoration mortars with analogous chemical composition of binders, aggregates and mineral additions, derived from the study of historic mortars, were evaluated regarding the strength development and the lime reaction, up to 15 months of curing.
Journal ArticleDOI
Properties of lime–metakolin mortars for the restoration of historic masonries
TL;DR: In this article, metakaolin/hydrated lime mixture was used as restoration mortars on historic masonries to provide sufficient mechanical and micro-structural properties comparable to traditional structural materials.
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