Characterization of surface topography by confocal microscopy: II. The micro and macro surface irregularities
TL;DR: In this article, the results of the experiments, conducted to measure and assess micro and macro surface irregularities of various machined planar and cylindrical surfaces, using a confocal scanning optical microscope (CSOM) are described.
Abstract: In part I, considering the autofocus and intensity methods of measurement, the principles and performance of a confocal microscope were discussed. In this part, the details of the experiments, conducted to measure and assess micro and macro surface irregularities of various machined planar and cylindrical surfaces, using a confocal scanning optical microscope (CSOM) are described. The three-dimensional surface topographies of various machined planar surfaces and also the form errors, like roundness and cylindricity, are measured and analysed. The significance of the set of new parameters, proposed for characterizing three-dimensional surface roughness and roundness measurements, is indicated. The effect of filtering on the variation in values of three-dimensional surface-topography parameters is studied. The performance of the CSOM is compared with those of conventional stylus and interferometric methods. The system is shown to have a great number of advantages in terms of three-dimensional surface mapping of planar and cylindrical surfaces and recognition of details and analysis for characterization of surfaces.
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TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the increased surface area of the material because of the increasing surface roughness is not the only cause for differences found in the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of the blasted c.p. Ti.
283 citations
Cites background from "Characterization of surface topogra..."
..., the number of edges in a particle and/or the value of their angles, may influence the qualitative roughness aspect of the surface, which in turn may change quantitative roughness parameters [44–46]....
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TL;DR: In this article, Wnt proteins are associated with an osteoblast phenotype, but how Wnt signaling regulates mesenchymal cells differentiation on microstructured titanium (Ti) surfaces is not known.
135 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the theory of optical transfer functions in 3D imaging is presented, with a focus on suitable methods for the establishment of calibration standards for 3D images and surface topography measurements.
Abstract: A significant number of areal surface topography measuring instruments, largely based on optical techniques, are commercially available. However,implementation of optical instrumentation into production is currently difficult dueto the lack of understanding of the complex interaction between the light and the component surface. Studying the optical transfer function of the instrument can help address this issue. Herea review is given of techniques for the measurement of optical transfer functions. Starting from the basis of a spatially coherent, monochromatic confocal scanning imaging system, the theory of optical transfer functions in three-dimensional (3D) imaging is presented. Further generalizations are reviewed allowing the extension of the theory to the description of conventional and interferometric 3D imaging systems. Polychromatic transfer functions and surface topography measurements are also discussed. Following presentation of theoretical results, experimental methods to measure the optical transfer function of each class of system are presented, with a focus on suitable methods for the establishment of calibration standards in 3D imaging and surface topography measurements.
79 citations
Cites methods from "Characterization of surface topogra..."
...For example, if a confocal reflection microscope is used for surface profiling [85] calibration requires measurement of the complex CTF, whilst for a confocal interferometric setup the interference CTF must instead be measured [58]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the variability in the roughness factor depending on the instrument settings, such as spatial resolution and scan-size, instrument characteristics (voxel dimensions), post-treatment of discrete data array (tessellation algorithm), and the nature of the surface texture (e.g. fractal) was analyzed.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors applied fractal analysis based on power spectral density (PSD) and slit island method (SIM), three-dimensional (3D) surface roughness measurement and surface-topography observations from AFM to form a proper investigative tool which may give a relatively full picture of surface morphology of super fine pulverized coal particles.
64 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: Dowson et al. as mentioned in this paper defined surface metrology as "the nature of SURFACES and the signals obtained from them" and defined a set of definitions for surface metroglobalization.
Abstract: Foreword by Professor D. Dowson GENERAL PHILOSOPHY OF MEASUREMENT Where does surface metrology fit in engineering metrology? Importance of surface metrology SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION-THE NATURE OF SURFACES AND THE SIGNALS OBTAINED FROM THEM Surface roughness characterization Waviness Errors of form Comparisons of definitions for surface metrology and coordinate measuring Characterization of defect shapes on the surface PROCESSING Digital methods Digital properties of random surfaces Fourier transform and the FFT Statistical parameters in digital form Properties and implementation of ambiguity function and Wigner distribution function Digital estimation of reference lines for surface metrology Algorithms Transformation in surface metrology Graphical methods Other methods of processing Surface generation INSTRUMENTATION Introduction and historical Measurement systems Optical techniques for measurement of surfaces Capacitance techniques for measurement of surfaces of slopes Inductance techniques Impedance technique-skin effect Other non-standard techniques Electron microscopy Merit of transducers ERRORS, CALIBRATION, TRACEABILITY AND STANDARDIZATION Nature of errors Deterministic or systematic error model Basic components of accuracy evaluation Basic error theory for a system Propagation of errors Some useful statistical tests for surfaces Uncertainty in instruments-calibration in general Calibration of stylus instruments Calibration of form instruments Parameter variation National and international standards Drawing symbols SURFACE METROLOGY IN MANUFACTURE Manufacturing processes Cutting Abrasive processes Unconventional machining Surface roughness produced by machining difficult materials Surface effects other than geometry Surface geometry-a fingerprint of manufacture SURFACE GEOMETRY-ITS IMPORTANCE IN FUNCTION Two body interaction - static effects Functional properties of contact Two body interactions - dynamic effects General roughness and system life One body interactions One body with radiation (optical) Scattering by other waves Systems function SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Characterization and nature of signal Data processing Measurement of trends Calibration Manufacture Function Overview
654 citations
TL;DR: In this article, surface roughness measurements were performed on a glass-ceramic disk substrate by stylus profiler (SP), atomic force microscope (AFM) and non-contact optical profiler.
446 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss different methods that are useful for assessing the errors on the dimensions, form and position of geometric features, and a new approach called the median technique, which gives minimum values of errors is introduced.
Abstract: SUMMARY Measurements are carried out on engineering components and analysed to check the conformity of the components to specification. This paper discusses different methods that are useful for assessing the errors on the dimensions, form and position of geometric features. A new approach called the median technique, which gives minimum values of errors is introduced.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, reference planes for assessing nominally flat and curved surfaces are recommended through theoretical analysis of algorithms and verification of experimental results from a standardisation point of view, and reference planes are used to assess surfaces in 3D.
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to carry out a comprehensive study of reference planes for surface roughness assessment in 3-D. From a standardisation point of view, reference planes for assessing nominally flat and curved surfaces are recommended through theoretical analysis of algorithms and verification of experimental results.
42 citations