Characterization of the trophic conditions of marine coastal waters with special reference to the NW Adriatic Sea: Proposal for a trophic scale, turbidity and generalized water quality index

doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199805/06)9:3<329::AID-ENV308>3.0.CO;2-9

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Characterization of the trophic conditions of marine coastal waters with special reference to the NW Adriatic Sea: Proposal for a trophic scale, turbidity and generalized water quality index

Journal Article•DOI•

Characterization of the trophic conditions of marine coastal waters with special reference to the NW Adriatic Sea: Proposal for a trophic scale, turbidity and generalized water quality index

R.A. Vollenweider¹, Franco Giovanardi, G. Montanari, Attilio Rinaldi•Institutions (1)

National Water Research Institute¹

01 May 1998-Environmetrics (Wiley)-Vol. 9, Iss: 3, pp 329-357

TL;DR: In this article, a new trophic index (TRIX) based on chlorophyll, oxygen saturation, mineral and total nitrogen and phosphorus, and applicable to coastal marine waters, is proposed.

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Abstract: In pursuing earlier attempts to characterize the trophic state of inland waters, a new trophic index (TRIX) based on chlorophyll, oxygen saturation, mineral and total nitrogen and phosphorus, and applicable to coastal marine waters, is proposed. Numerically, the index is scaled from 0 to 10, covering a wide range of trophic conditions from oligotrophy to eutrophy. Secchi disk transparency combined with chlorophyll, instead, defines a turbidity index (TRBIX) that serves as complementary water quality index. The two indices are combined in a general water quality index (GWQI). Statistical properties and application of these indices to specific situations are discussed on examples pertaining to the NW Adriatic Sea. It is believed that these indices will simplify and make comparison between different spatial and temporal trophic situations of marine coastal waters more consistent. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Overview of eutrophication indicators to assess environmental status within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive

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João G. Ferreira¹, Jesper H. Andersen², Ángel Borja, Suzanne B. Bricker³, Jordi Camp⁴, M.C. Silva, Esther Garcés⁴, Anna-Stiina Heiskanen⁵, Christoph Humborg⁶, Lydia Ignatiades, Christiane Lancelot⁷, Alain Menesguen⁸, Paul Tett⁹, Nicolas Hoepffner, Ulrich Claussen¹⁰ - Show less +11 more•Institutions (10)

Universidade Nova de Lisboa¹, Aarhus University², National Ocean Service³, Spanish National Research Council⁴, Finnish Environment Institute⁵, Stockholm Resilience Centre⁶, Université libre de Bruxelles⁷, IFREMER⁸, Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland⁹, Environment Agency¹⁰

10 Jun 2011-Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of work carried out by the eutrophication task group, and report their main findings to the scientific community, focusing on integrated approaches that account for physico-chemical and biological components.

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Abstract: In 2009, following approval of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC), the European Commission (EC) created task groups to develop guidance for eleven quality descriptors that form the basis for evaluating ecosystem function. The objective was to provide European countries with practical guidelines for implementing the MSFD, and to produce a Commission Decision that encapsulated key points of the work in a legal framework. This paper presents a review of work carried out by the eutrophication task group, and reports our main findings to the scientific community. On the basis of an operational, management-oriented definition, we discuss the main methodologies that could be used for coastal and marine eutrophication assessment. Emphasis is placed on integrated approaches that account for physico–chemical and biological components, and combine both pelagic and benthic symptoms of eutrophication, in keeping with the holistic nature of the MSFD. We highlight general features that any marine eutrophication model should possess, rather than making specific recommendations. European seas range from highly eutrophic systems such as the Baltic to nutrient-poor environments such as the Aegean Sea. From a physical perspective, marine waters range from high energy environments of the north east Atlantic to the permanent vertical stratification of the Black Sea. This review aimed to encapsulate that variability, recognizing that meaningful guidance should be flexible enough to accommodate the widely differing characteristics of European seas, and that this information is potentially relevant in marine ecosystems worldwide. Given the spatial extent of the MSFD, innovative approaches are required to allow meaningful monitoring and assessment. Consequently, substantial logistic and financial challenges will drive research in areas such as remote sensing of harmful algal blooms, in situ sensor development, and mathematical models. Our review takes into account related legislation, and in particular the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD – 2000/60/EC), which deals with river basins, including estuaries and a narrow coastal strip, in order to examine these issues within the framework of integrated coastal zone management.

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393 citations

Cites background or methods from "Characterization of the trophic con..."

...Unlike the other methods, the TRIX method does not use reference conditions or scaling for Chl a individually, having only a scale for an integrated rating with four other indicators (Table 4)....
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...Although some methods use only selected water column parameters e i.e. Chl a, dissolved oxygen and nutrients, e.g. Trophic Index (TRIX) (Vollenweider et al., 1998) and US Environmental Protection Agency National Coastal Assessment (EPA NCA; USEPA, 2008) e others combine additional water column variables and other indicators such as the occurrence of HAB, macroalgal abundance and changes in distribution of SAV (Bricker et al., 2003)....
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...Trophic Index (TRIX) (Vollenweider et al., 1998) and US Environmental Protection Agency National Coastal Assessment (EPA NCA; USEPA, 2008) e others combine additional water column variables and other indicators such as the occurrence of HAB, macroalgal abundance and changes in distribution of SAV (Bricker et al....
[...]
...Although some methods use only selected water column parameters e i.e. Chl a, dissolved oxygen and nutrients, e.g. Trophic Index (TRIX) (Vollenweider et al., 1998) and US Environmental Protection Agency National Coastal Assessment (EPA NCA; USEPA, 2008) e others combine additional water column…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Assessing the trophic state and eutrophication of coastal marine systems: a new approach based on the biochemical composition of sediment organic matter

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Antonio Dell'Anno¹, M. L. Mei, Antonio Pusceddu, Roberto Danovaro¹•Institutions (1)

University of Bari¹

01 Jul 2002-Marine Pollution Bulletin

TL;DR: It is found that phytopigment content of the sediments changed in response to all different sources of anthropogenic impact and resulted in a useful descriptor of the trophic state and environmental quality.

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301 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

An overview of ecological status, vulnerability and future perspectives of European large shallow, semi-enclosed coastal systems, lagoons and transitional waters

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Alice Newton¹, John Icely¹, Sónia Cristina¹, Ana C. Brito², Ana Cristina Cardoso, Franciscus Colijn, Simona Dalla Riva, Flemming Gertz, Jens Würgler Hansen³, Marianne Holmer⁴, Kateryna Ivanova, Erkki Leppäkoski⁵, Donata Melaku Canu, Chiara Mocenni⁶, Stephen M. Mudge⁷, Nicholas Murray, Morten Pejrup⁸, Arturas Razinkovas⁹, Sofia Reizopoulou, Angel Pérez-Ruzafa¹⁰, Gerard Schernewski, Hendrik Schubert¹¹, Laishalla Carr, Cosimo Solidoro, PierluigiViaroli, J.M. Zaldívar - Show less +22 more•Institutions (11)

University of the Algarve¹, University of Lisbon², Aarhus University³, University of Southern Denmark⁴, Åbo Akademi University⁵, University of Siena⁶, Exponent⁷, University of Copenhagen⁸, Klaipėda University⁹, University of Murcia¹⁰, University of Rostock¹¹

01 Mar 2014-Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

TL;DR: In this article, an overview of some of the large, shallow, semi-enclosed coastal systems (SECS) in Europe is given, which are important both from the ecological and the economic perspective (socio-ecological systems) and provide many valuable ecosystem goods and services.

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Abstract: The paper gives an overview of some of the large, shallow, semi-enclosed coastal systems (SECS) in Europe, These SECS are important both from the ecological and the economic perspective (socio-ecological systems) and provide many valuable ecosystem goods and services. Although some of the systems are transitional waters under the Water Framework Directive, this is not the case for all of the systems. The paper adopts a Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response approach to analyse the ecological status, vulnerability and future perspectives of these systems in the context of global change.

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277 citations

Cites background or methods from "Characterization of the trophic con..."

...Vollenweider et al. (1998) proposed a trophic index (TRIX) that integrates chlorophyll-a, oxygen saturation, total N and total P to characterise the trophic state of coastal marine waters....
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...…based on the phytoplankton assessment using simple Vollenweider type relationships between input rate of nutrients and mean Chl-a concentration (Vollenweider et al., 1998; Tett et al., 2003), or based on SAV, angiosperms, macro-algae and epibenthic micro-algae (Short and Wyllie-Echeverria,…...
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...Depending on the hydrologic and hydrodynamic characteristics, such assessments are either based on the phytoplankton assessment using simple Vollenweider type relationships between input rate of nutrients and mean Chl-a concentration (Vollenweider et al., 1998; Tett et al., 2003), or based on SAV, angiosperms, macro-algae and epibenthic micro-algae (Short and Wyllie-Echeverria, 1996; de Jong, 2004)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The European water framework directive: A challenge for nearshore, coastal and continental shelf research

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Ángel Borja

01 Sep 2005

TL;DR: The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) establishes a framework for the protection of groundwater, inland surface waters, estuarine waters, and coastal waters as discussed by the authors, which constitutes a new view of the water resources management in Europe because, for the first time, water management is based mainly upon biological and ecological elements, with ecosystems being at the centre of the management decisions; applied to European water bodies, as a whole; and based upon the whole river basin, including also the adjacent coastal area.

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Abstract: The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) establishes a framework for the protection of groundwater, inland surface waters, estuarine waters, and coastal waters. The WFD constitutes a new view of the water resources management in Europe because, for the first time, water management is: (i) based mainly upon biological and ecological elements, with ecosystems being at the centre of the management decisions; (ii) applied to European water bodies, as a whole; and (iii) based upon the whole river basin, including also the adjacent coastal area. Although the marine water bodies affected by the WFD relate to only 19.8% of the whole of the European continental shelf, its application constitutes a challenge and an opportunity in nearshore, coastal and continental shelf research. This contribution highlights some of the main tasks and the research to be undertaken in the coming years, proposing investigations into: typologies; physico-chemical processes; indicator species; reference conditions; integration of the quality assessment; methodologies in determining ecological status, etc.

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240 citations

Cites methods from "Characterization of the trophic con..."

...In the case of Italy, the legislation establishes the use of a trophic index ‘TRIX’ (Vollenweider et al., 1998), derived from the most used physicochemical parameters in coastal water analysis, for the classification of the quality status (Casazza et al., 2002)....
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...In the case of Italy, the legislation establishes the use of a trophic index ‘TRIX’ (Vollenweider et al., 1998), derived from the most used physicochemical parameters in coastal water analysis, for the classification of the quality status (Casazza et al....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Evaluation of eutrophication in the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon, Portugal

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Alice Newton, John Icely, Manuela Falcão, A. M. Nobre, João Osvaldo Rodrigues Nunes, Júlia R. Ferreira, Carlos Vale - Show less +3 more

01 Nov 2003-Continental Shelf Research

TL;DR: The Ria Formosa is a shallow mesotidal lagoon on the south coast of Portugal, with natural biogeochemical cycles essentially regulated by tidal exchanges at the seawater boundaries and at the sediment interface.

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207 citations

Cites methods from "Characterization of the trophic con..."

...The conceptual model of eutrophication is still evolving and there are many models, indicators and indices currently in use i.e.: the USA ‘‘symptom’’ based model (Bricker et al., 1999); the new trophic index (TRIX) proposed by Vollenweider et al. (1998) ; the estuarine quality index EQUATION (Ferreira, 2000); Nixon’s (1995) assessment based on phytoplankton primary production....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

An Analysis of Transformations

[...]

George E. P. Box¹, David Cox²•Institutions (2)

University of Wisconsin-Madison¹, Birkbeck, University of London²

01 Jul 1964-Journal of the royal statistical society series b-methodological

TL;DR: In this article, Lindley et al. make the less restrictive assumption that such a normal, homoscedastic, linear model is appropriate after some suitable transformation has been applied to the y's.

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Abstract: [Read at a RESEARCH METHODS MEETING of the SOCIETY, April 8th, 1964, Professor D. V. LINDLEY in the Chair] SUMMARY In the analysis of data it is often assumed that observations Yl, Y2, *-, Yn are independently normally distributed with constant variance and with expectations specified by a model linear in a set of parameters 0. In this paper we make the less restrictive assumption that such a normal, homoscedastic, linear model is appropriate after some suitable transformation has been applied to the y's. Inferences about the transformation and about the parameters of the linear model are made by computing the likelihood function and the relevant posterior distribution. The contributions of normality, homoscedasticity and additivity to the transformation are separated. The relation of the present methods to earlier procedures for finding transformations is discussed. The methods are illustrated with examples.

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12,158 citations

"Characterization of the trophic con..." refers methods in this paper

...This assumption has further been tested using Box & Cox transformations (Box and Cox, 1964) and maximum likelihood estimates con®rmed the use of the transformation....
[...]
...(1992) used Box & Cox transformations (Box and Cox, 1964) for Greek waters....
[...]
...Ignatides et al. (1992) used Box & Cox transformations (Box and Cox, 1964) for Greek waters....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

A trophic state index for lakes1

[...]

Robert E. Carlson¹•Institutions (1)

University of Minnesota¹

01 Mar 1977-Limnology and Oceanography

TL;DR: A numerical trophic state index for lakes has been developed that incorporates most lakes in a scale of 0 to 100, which represents a doubling in algal biomass as well as various measures of biomass or production.

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Abstract: A numerical trophic state index for lakes has been developed that incorporates most lakes in a scale of 0 to 100. Each major division ( 10, 20, 30, etc. ) represents a doubling in algal biomass. The index number can bc calculated from any of several parameters, including Secchi disk transparency, chlorophyll, and total phosphorus. My purpose here is to present a new approach to the trophic classification of lakes. This new approach was developed because of frustration in communicating to the public both the current nature or status of lakes and their future condition after restoration when the traditional trophic classification system is used. The system presented hcrc, termed a trophic state index (TSI), involves new methods both of defining trophic status and of determining that status in lakes. All trophic classification is based on the division of the trophic continuum, howcvcr this is defined, into a series of classes termed trophic states. Traditional systems divide the continuum into three classes: oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and cutrophic. There is often no clear delineation of these divisions. Determinations of trophic state are made from examination of several diverse criteria, such as shape of the oxygen curve, species composition of the bottom fauna or of the phytoplankton, conccntrations of nutrients, and various measures of biomass or production. Although each changes from oligotrophy to eutrophy, the changes do not occur at sharply defined places, nor do they all occur at the same place or at the same rate. Some lakes may be considered oligotrophic by one criterion and eutrophic by another; this problem is

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3,437 citations

"Characterization of the trophic con..." refers background in this paper

...…the trophic conditions of bodies of inland water (e.g. Thienemann, 1928; Naumann, 1932; AÊ berg and Rodhe, 1942; Sawyer, 1947; Elster, 1962; Vollenweider, 1968; Shannon and Brezonik, 1972; Carlson, 1977; Uhlmann, 1979; Vollenweider and Kerekes 1982; Hillbricht-Ilkowska, 1984; SchroÈ der, 1991)....
[...]
...There have been numerous eorts to typify and compare the trophic conditions of bodies of inland water (e.g. Thienemann, 1928; Naumann, 1932; AÊ berg and Rodhe, 1942; Sawyer, 1947; Elster, 1962; Vollenweider, 1968; Shannon and Brezonik, 1972; Carlson, 1977; Uhlmann, 1979; Vollenweider and Kerekes 1982; Hillbricht-Ilkowska, 1984; SchroÈ der, 1991)....
[...]

Book•

Scientific fundamentals of the eutrophication of lakes and flowing waters, with particular reference to nitrogen and phosphorus as factors in eutrophication

[...]

R.A. Vollenweider

01 Jan 1971

1,145 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

VOLLENWEIDER, R. A. 1968. Water management research. Scientific fundamentals of the eutrophication of lakes and flowing waters with particular reference to nitrogen and phosphorus as factors in eutrophication. Organization for Economic Co-operation and De

[...]

W. T. Edmondson

01 Jan 1970-Limnology and Oceanography

649 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Use of hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rate as a trophic state index for lakes

[...]

William W. Walker

01 Dec 1979-Water Resources Research

TL;DR: In this article, a modified version of Carlson's (1977) trophic state index summarizes relationships among summer, epilimnetic measurements of total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, and transparency.

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Abstract: The feasibility of lake water quality management planning has been greatly increased over the past 10 years with the development of relatively simple, empirical methods for assessing eutrophication problems. These relate phosphorus loading, hydrology, and morphometry to such traditional trophic state indices as phosphorus concentration, chlorophyll-a concentration, and transparency. One of the difficulties associated with use of these methods is that water quality criteria, as related to beneficial use, do not generally correspond to subjective definitions of ‘trophic state.’ This paper attempts to improve upon existing methods by relating measures of phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, and/or transparency to hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen, which is of direct relevance to existing water quality standards, particularly for fisheries management. A modified version of Carlson's (1977) trophic state index summarizes relationships among summer, epilimnetic measurements of total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, and transparency. On the basis of data from 30 lakes this index is shown to be highly correlated with areal hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rate when the apparent effects of mean depth are also taken into account (R2 = 0.91). Tests of the empirical model on a separate data base of 86 lakes indicate that the approach can be used to predict oxygen status based upon lake morphometry and trophic index. The methodology provides a link between phosphorus mass balance models and existing water quality criteria for dissolved oxygen.

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519 citations