Chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes
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...It was shown that most of the colloidal particles such as natural organic matter (NOM) that deposit on the membrane surface are negatively charged [185]....
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...A study showed an increasing negative charge of the membrane surface at pH 4, which was attributed to the adsorption of HA, but the membrane became less negative when the concentration of calcium in the solution was increased [165]....
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...The Ca acted as a binding agent, which complexes with the negatively-charged carboxyl groups of HA, leading to the formation of bigger aggregates [165]....
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...of dissociation of HA, which translates to lower availability of carboxyl groups for the divalent ions to complex with, thus lower amount of coagulate was produced [87, 165]....
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References
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"Chemical and physical aspects of na..." refers background in this paper
...These include dissolved and macromolecular organic substances, sparingly soluble inorganic compounds, colloidal and suspended particles, and microorganisms [ 2 ,9]....
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...Fouling, often associated with accumulation of substances on the membrane surface or within the membrane pore structure, worsens membrane performance and ultimately shortens membrane life [ 2 ]....
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...In recent years, membrane filtration has emerged as a viable treatment alternative to comply with existing and pending water quality regulations [1, 2 ]....
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1,738 citations
"Chemical and physical aspects of na..." refers background in this paper
...This striking result can be explained by disruption of the fouling layer structure through a ligand exchange between NOM-calcium complexes and EDTA [ 45 ]....
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...Unlike indifferent monovalent cations, divalent cations interact specifically with NOM and form metal-humic complexes [ 45 ]....
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...A ligand exchange reaction of humic substances with synthetic chelating agents, analogous to the reaction discussed above for NOM fouling, is often observed in natural aquatic systems [ 45 ]....
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...Unlike Na ÷, Ca 2+ binds specifically through complex formation with the acidic functional groups (predominantly carboxylic) of NOM (Fig. 5) [ 45 ]....
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...The effectiveness of membrane processes operating below the critical flux has recently been discussed by Field et al. [ 57 ] and Howell [58]....
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