Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the characteristics and redox activity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) associated with roadside trash burning in Bangalore, India, and showed high variability of chemical composition and toxicity between trash-burning emissions, and characteristic differences from ambient samples.
About: This article is published in Atmospheric Environment.The article was published on 2016-12-01 and is currently open access. It has received 57 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Levoglucosan & Particulates.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: Though more work is needed, OP assays show promise for health studies as they integrate the impacts of PM species and properties on catalytic redox reactions into one measurement, and current work highlights the importance of metals, organic carbon, vehicles, and biomass burning emissions to PM exposures that could impact health.
Abstract: Oxidative stress is a potential mechanism of action for particulate matter (PM) toxicity and can occur when the body's antioxidant capacity cannot counteract or detoxify harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to an excess presence of ROS. ROS are introduced to the body via inhalation of PM with these species present on and/or within the particles (particle-bound ROS) and/or through catalytic generation of ROS in vivo after inhaling redox-active PM species (oxidative potential, OP). The recent development of acellular OP measurement techniques has led to a surge in research across the globe. In this review, particle-bound ROS techniques are discussed briefly while OP measurements are the focus due to an increasing number of epidemiologic studies using OP measurements showing associations with adverse health effects in some studies. The most common OP measurement techniques, including the dithiothreitol assay, glutathione assay, and ascorbic acid assay, are discussed along with evidence for utility of OP measurements in epidemiologic studies and PM characteristics that drive different responses between assay types (such as species composition, emission source, and photochemistry). Overall, most OP assays respond to metals like copper than can be found in emission sources like vehicles. Some OP assays respond to organics, especially photochemically aged organics, from sources like biomass burning. Select OP measurements have significant associations with certain cardiorespiratory end points, such as asthma, congestive heart disease, and lung cancer. In fact, multiple studies have found that exposure to OP measured using the dithiothreitol and glutathione assays drives higher risk ratios for certain cardiorespiratory outcomes than PM mass, suggesting OP measurements may be integrating the health-relevant fraction of PM and will be useful tools for future health analyses. The compositional impacts, including species and emission sources, on OP could have serious implications for health-relevant PM exposure. Though more work is needed, OP assays show promise for health studies as they integrate the impacts of PM species and properties on catalytic redox reactions into one measurement, and current work highlights the importance of metals, organic carbon, vehicles, and biomass burning emissions to PM exposures that could impact health.
270 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of dust and anthropogenic sources (e.g., fossil and biomass fuel combustion) on solar electricity generation is estimated. But, the results show that solar energy production is currently reduced by ∼17-25% across these regions, with roughly equal contributions from ambient PM and PM deposited on photovoltaic surfaces.
Abstract: Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has the potential to diminish solar energy production by direct and indirect radiative forcing as well as by being deposited on solar panel surfaces, thereby reducing solar energy transmittance to photovoltaics. Worldwide solar energy production is expected to increase more rapidly than any other energy source into the middle of this century, especially in regions that experience high levels of dust and/or anthropogenic particulate pollutants, including large areas of India, China, and the Arabian Peninsula. Here we combine field measurements and global modeling to estimate the influence of dust and PM related to anthropogenic sources (e.g., fossil and biomass fuel combustion) on solar electricity generation. Results indicate that solar energy production is currently reduced by ∼17–25% across these regions, with roughly equal contributions from ambient PM and PM deposited on photovoltaic surfaces. Reductions due to dust and anthropogenic PM are comparable in northern In...
154 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the sources, distribution and total concentration of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 15 urban street dust samples from Asansol, an industrial city were investigated to evaluate and understand the carcinogenic risk of urban inhabitants exposed to street dust.
85 citations
Shandong University1, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology2, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)3, University of Birmingham4, Shanghai University5, Hebei University of Engineering6, China University of Mining and Technology7, Peking University8, Prefectural University of Kumamoto9, Fudan University10, Zhejiang University11
TL;DR: This study showed that particles from crop residue and apple wood combustion were mainly organic matter (OM) in smoldering phase, whereas soot-OM internally mixed with K in flaming phase, which is important to document properties of primary particles from combustion sources, which can be used to trace the sources of ambient particles.
Abstract: Morphology, composition, and mixing state of individual particles emitted from crop residue, wood, and solid waste combustion in a residential stove were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our study showed that particles from crop residue and apple wood combustion were mainly organic matter (OM) in smoldering phase, whereas soot-OM internally mixed with K in flaming phase. Wild grass combustion in flaming phase released some Cl-rich-OM/soot particles and cardboard combustion released OM and S-rich particles. Interestingly, particles from hardwood (pear wood and bamboo) and softwood (cypress and pine wood) combustion were mainly soot and OM in the flaming phase, respectively. The combustion of foam boxes, rubber tires, and plastic bottles/bags in the flaming phase released large amounts of soot internally mixed with a small amount of OM, whereas the combustion of printed circuit boards and copper-core cables emitted large amounts of OM with Br-rich inclusions. In addition, the printed circuit board combustion released toxic metals containing Pb, Zn, Sn, and Sb. The results are important to document properties of primary particles from combustion sources, which can be used to trace the sources of ambient particles and to know their potential impacts in human health and radiative forcing in the air.
83 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive snapshot of the state of air quality in Bengaluru, along with an emissions inventory for the pollutants necessary for chemical transport modeling at 0.01° grid resolution (approximately 1-km), for an urban airshed covering 60'×'60 grids (4300'km2).
54 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: The role of ROS in the regulation of apoptosis, especially in inflammatory cells, is focused on, with particular attention to mitochondria.
Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondria play an important role in apoptosis induction under both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Interestingly, mitochondria are both source and target of ROS. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria, that triggers caspase activation, appears to be largely mediated by direct or indirect ROS action. On the other hand, ROS have also anti-apoptotic effects. This review focuses on the role of ROS in the regulation of apoptosis, especially in inflammatory cells.
2,529 citations
"Chemical characterization and toxic..." refers methods in this paper
...We employ assays that test for reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to cause inflammatory responses in cells (Simon et al., 2000)....
[...]
01 Mar 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimate that the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated by urban populations is growing even faster than the rate of urbanization and that by 2025 this will likely increase to 4.3 billion urban residents.
Abstract: Solid waste management is the one thing just about every city government provides for its residents. While service levels, environmental impacts and costs vary dramatically, solid waste management is arguably the most important municipal service and serves as a prerequisite for other municipal action. As the world hurtles toward its urban future, the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW), one of the most important by-products of an urban lifestyle, is growing even faster than the rate of urbanization. Ten years ago there were 2.9 billion urban residents who generated about 0.64 kg of MSW per person per day (0.68 billion tonnes per year). This report estimates that today these amounts have increased to about 3 billion residents generating 1.2 kg per person per day (1.3 billion tonnes per year). By 2025 this will likely increase to 4.3 billion urban residents generating about 1.42 kg/capita/day of municipal solid waste (2.2 billion tonnes per year).
2,233 citations
"Chemical characterization and toxic..." refers background in this paper
...In a 2012 report, the World Bank estimates that global costs associated with waste management will nearly double by 2025, disproportionally impacting lower middle income countries (LMICs), which are expected to see a 4-fold increase in waste management expenses (Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, a chemical mass balance receptor model based on organic compounds was developed that relates sours; contributions to airborne fine particle mass concentrations and revealed source contributions to the concentrations of specific organic compounds.
1,396 citations
"Chemical characterization and toxic..." refers background in this paper
...Di-acids are generally dominated by secondary formation and are a part of SOA, which is likely the reason for the notable presence of di-acids in the ambient fraction (Schauer et al., 1996)....
[...]
...…show aromatic dicarboxylic acids (di-acids) to be the dominating component of resolved organic carbon mass. Di-acids are generally dominated by secondary formation and are a part of SOA, which is likely the reason for the notable presence of di-acids in the ambient fraction (Schauer et al., 1996)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review and discuss the literature concerning the measurement of smoke particle size, chemistry, thermodynamic properties, and emission factors, and show that very large differences in measured particle properties have appeared in the literature, in particular with regards to particle carbon budgets.
Abstract: . The last decade has seen tremendous advances in atmospheric aerosol particle research that is often performed in the context of climate and global change science. Biomass burning, one of the largest sources of accumulation mode particles globally, has been closely studied for its radiative, geochemical, and dynamic impacts. These studies have taken many forms including laboratory burns, in situ experiments, remote sensing, and modeling. While the differing perspectives of these studies have ultimately improved our qualitative understanding of biomass-burning issues, the varied nature of the work make inter-comparisons and resolutions of some specific issues difficult. In short, the literature base has become a milieu of small pieces of the biomass-burning puzzle. This manuscript, the second part of four, examines the properties of biomass-burning particle emissions. Here we review and discuss the literature concerning the measurement of smoke particle size, chemistry, thermodynamic properties, and emission factors. Where appropriate, critiques of measurement techniques are presented. We show that very large differences in measured particle properties have appeared in the literature, in particular with regards to particle carbon budgets. We investigate emissions uncertainties using scale analyses, which shows that while emission factors for grass and brush are relatively well known, very large uncertainties still exist in emission factors of boreal, temperate and some tropical forests. Based on an uncertainty analysis of the community data set of biomass burning measurements, we present simplified models for particle size and emission factors. We close this review paper with a discussion of the community experimental data, point to lapses in the data set, and prioritize future research topics.
1,344 citations
"Chemical characterization and toxic..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Observed EC results (which range from ~100 to 16,000 mg/m3) display the expected affiliation between flaming conditions and elevated levels of elemental carbon (Reid, 2005)....
[...]
...…which typically occurs at lower temperatures than flaming combustion (Ohlemiller, 1985; Rein, 2009), tends to produce high levels of organic carbon (Reid, 2005) and, as anticipated, very high OC mass concentrations are observed in the burn piles since measurements occurred near-source, directly in…...
[...]
...Results are shown per organic mass (OM) using an OM/OC factor of 1.8 (Gilardoni et al., 2009; Reid, 2005)....
[...]
...Smoldering combustion, which typically occurs at lower temperatures than flaming combustion (Ohlemiller, 1985; Rein, 2009), tends to produce high levels of organic carbon (Reid, 2005) and, as anticipated, very high OC mass concentrations are observed in the burn piles since measurements occurred near-source, directly in the exhaust plume....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors search for conservative marker compounds suitable for tracing the presence of vehicular particulate exhaust emissions in the urban atmosphere, compile quantitative source profiles, and study the contributions of fine organic particulate vehicular exhaust to the Los Angeles atmosphere.
Abstract: Gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles are known to contribute appreciable amounts of inhalable fine particulate matter to the atmosphere in urban areas. Internal combustion engines burning gasoline and diesel fuel contribute more than 21% of the primary fine particulate organic carbon emitted to the Los Angeles atmosphere. In the present study, particulate (d[sub p] [le] 2 [mu]m) exhaust emissions from six noncatalyst automobiles, seven catalyst-equipped automobiles, and two heavy-duty diesel trucks are examined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The purposes of this study are as follows: (a) to search for conservative marker compounds suitable for tracing the presence of vehicular particulate exhaust emissions in the urban atmosphere, (b) to compile quantitative source profiles, and (c) to study the contributions of fine organic particulate vehicular exhaust to the Los Angeles atmosphere. More than 100 organic compounds are quantified, including n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, benzoic acids, benzaldehydes, PAH, oxy-PAH, steranes, pentacyclic triterpanes, azanaphthalenes, and others. Although fossil fuel markers such as steranes and pentacyclic triterpanes can be emitted from other sources, it can be shown that their ambient concentrations measured in the Los Angeles atmosphere are attributable mainly to vehicular exhaust emissions. 102 refs., 9 figs., 6 tabs.
1,343 citations