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Journal ArticleDOI

Chemical conversion pathways for carbohydrates

01 Jan 2015-Green Chemistry (Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 17, Iss: 1, pp 40-71
TL;DR: A review of the recent developments in liquid phase chemical conversions of monosaccharides, disaccharide, and polysaccharides can be found in this paper, followed by a process-driven approach where the existing carbohydrate conversion pathways are classified according to the types of chemical processes involved.
About: This article is published in Green Chemistry.The article was published on 2015-01-01. It has received 271 citations till now.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review focuses on the catalytic chemical conversion of lignocellulose and its primary ingredients into value-added chemicals and fuel products using ILs as the reaction media.
Abstract: Innovative valorization of naturally abundant and renewable lignocellulosic biomass is of great importance in the pursuit of a sustainable future and biobased economy. Ionic liquids (ILs) as an important kind of green solvents and functional fluids have attracted significant attention for the catalytic transformation of lignocellulosic feedstocks into a diverse range of products. Taking advantage of some unique properties of ILs with different functions, the catalytic transformation processes can be carried out more efficiently and potentially with lower environmental impacts. Also, a new product portfolio may be derived from catalytic systems with ILs as media. This review focuses on the catalytic chemical conversion of lignocellulose and its primary ingredients (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) into value-added chemicals and fuel products using ILs as the reaction media. An outlook is provided at the end of this review to highlight the challenges and opportunities associated with this interes...

627 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of electron donating (−CH3 and −OH) and electron withdrawing (−NO2) substituents on the corrosion inhibition efficiency of four glucosamine-based, substituted, pyrimidine-fused heterocycles (CARBs) on mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl have been investigated using gravimetric, electrochemical, surface morphology (SEM, AFM, and EDX), and computational techniques.
Abstract: Effects of electron donating (−CH3 and −OH) and electron withdrawing (−NO2) substituents on the corrosion inhibition efficiency of four glucosamine-based, substituted, pyrimidine-fused heterocycles (CARBs) on mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl have been investigated using gravimetric, electrochemical, surface morphology (SEM, AFM, and EDX), and computational techniques. Gravimetric studies showed that protection performances of the compounds increase with increase in concentration. Both electron withdrawing (−NO2) and electron donating (−CH3 and −OH) groups were found to enhance the inhibition efficiency, but the effect is more pronounced with electron-donating substituents. The compounds were found to be cathodic-type inhibitors as inferred from the results of potentiodynamic polarization studies. EIS studies suggested that the studied compounds inhibit metallic corrosion by adsorbing on metallic surface. The adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on steel surface was further supported by SEM, AFM, and EDX a...

385 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the roles of different catalytic sites in Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and strategies to stabilize these active sites are discussed, and points to be considered for further research into HDO over heterogeneous catalysts and pending challenges are discussed.

338 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A holistic view of solvent effects, the mechanistic elucidation of these effects, and the careful consideration of the challenges associated with solvent use could assist researchers in choosing and designing improved solvent systems for targeted biomass conversion processes.
Abstract: Transforming lignocellulosic biomass into fuels and chemicals has been intensely studied in recent years. A large amount of work has been dedicated to finding suitable solvent systems, which can improve the transformation of biomass into value-added chemicals. These efforts have been undertaken based on numerous research results that have shown that organic solvents can improve both conversion and selectivity of biomass to platform molecules. We present an overview of these organic solvent effects, which are harnessed in biomass conversion processes, including conversion of biomass to sugars, conversion of sugars to furanic compounds, and production of lignin monomers. A special emphasis is placed on comparing the solvent effects on conversion and product selectivity in water with those in organic solvents while discussing the origins of the differences that arise. We have categorized results as benefiting from two major types of effects: solvent effects on solubility of biomass components including cellulose and lignin and solvent effects on chemical thermodynamics including those affecting reactants, intermediates, products, and/or catalysts. Finally, the challenges of using organic solvents in industrial processes are discussed from the perspective of solvent cost, solvent stability, and solvent safety. We suggest that a holistic view of solvent effects, the mechanistic elucidation of these effects, and the careful consideration of the challenges associated with solvent use could assist researchers in choosing and designing improved solvent systems for targeted biomass conversion processes.

304 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review article provides an overview of the techniques developed for the valorization of biomass in the production of platform chemicals within a biorefinery and the status for commercialization.
Abstract: Until recently, most of energy and industrially produced chemicals were derived from fossil fuel-based resources. This along with the continued depletion of finite fossil resources and their attributed adverse environmental impacts, alternatively sourced and more sustainable resources are being pursued as feedstock replacements. Thus, biomass has been identified as an alternate renewable and more sustainable resource as a means to reduce this sector's dependence on fossil fuel-based resources and to alleviate their environmental impacts. As such, lignocellulosic biomass has been further identified and demonstrated as an abundant renewable resource for the production of biofuels, platform chemicals, and their respective value-added products. This review article provides an overview of the techniques developed for the valorization of biomass in the production of platform chemicals within a biorefinery, and the status for commercialization.

282 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056 4.1.
Abstract: 1.0. Introduction 4044 2.0. Biomass Chemistry and Growth Rates 4047 2.1. Lignocellulose and Starch-Based Plants 4047 2.2. Triglyceride-Producing Plants 4049 2.3. Algae 4050 2.4. Terpenes and Rubber-Producing Plants 4052 3.0. Biomass Gasification 4052 3.1. Gasification Chemistry 4052 3.2. Gasification Reactors 4054 3.3. Supercritical Gasification 4054 3.4. Solar Gasification 4055 3.5. Gas Conditioning 4055 4.0. Syn-Gas Utilization 4056 4.1. Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056

7,067 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481 4.2.1.
Abstract: 3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

5,127 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An updated evaluation of potential target structures using similar selection methodology, and an overview of the technology developments that led to the inclusion of a given compound are presented.

3,536 citations

ReportDOI
01 Aug 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identified twelve building block chemicals that can be produced from sugar via biological or chemical conversions, and the twelve building blocks can be subsequently converted to a number of high-value bio-based chemicals or materials.
Abstract: This report identifies twelve building block chemicals that can be produced from sugars via biological or chemical conversions. The twelve building blocks can be subsequently converted to a number of high-value bio-based chemicals or materials. Building block chemicals, as considered for this analysis, are molecules with multiple functional groups that possess the potential to be transformed into new families of useful molecules. The twelve sugar-based building blocks are 1,4-diacids (succinic, fumaric and malic), 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid, 3-hydroxy propionic acid, aspartic acid, glucaric acid, glutamic acid, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, 3-hydroxybutyrolactone, glycerol, sorbitol, and xylitol/arabinitol.

2,956 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of chemical catalytic transformations of biomass-derived oxygenated feedstocks in the liquid phase to value-added chemicals and fuels is presented, with specific examples emphasizing the development of catalytic processes based on an understanding of the fundamental reaction chemistry.
Abstract: Biomass has the potential to serve as a sustainable source of energy and organic carbon for our industrialized society. The focus of this Review is to present an overview of chemical catalytic transformations of biomass-derived oxygenated feedstocks (primarily sugars and sugar-alcohols) in the liquid phase to value-added chemicals and fuels, with specific examples emphasizing the development of catalytic processes based on an understanding of the fundamental reaction chemistry. The key reactions involved in the processing of biomass are hydrolysis, dehydration, isomerization, aldol condensation, reforming, hydrogenation, and oxidation. Further, it is discussed how ideas based on fundamental chemical and catalytic concepts lead to strategies for the control of reaction pathways and process conditions to produce H(2)/CO(2) or H(2)/CO gas mixtures by aqueous-phase reforming, to produce furan compounds by selective dehydration of carbohydrates, and to produce liquid alkanes by the combination of aldol condensation and dehydration/hydrogenation processes.

2,063 citations