Chemical deposition method for metal chalcogenide thin films
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have described in detail, chemical bath deposition method of metal chalcogenide thin films, it is capable of yielding good quality thin films and their preparative parameters, structural, optical, electrical properties etc.
About: This article is published in Materials Chemistry and Physics.The article was published on 2000-06-15. It has received 733 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Chemical bath deposition & Thin film.
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TL;DR: The application of type II heterostructured semiconductors in the area of environmental remediation and water splitting is traced, major fabrication methods are summarized, some of the progress and resulting achievements are described, and the future prospects are discussed.
Abstract: Considerable efforts have been devoted to enhancing the photocatalytic activity and solar energy utilization of photocatalysts. The fabrication of type II heterostructures plays an important role in photocatalysts modification and has been extensively studied. In this review, we briefly trace the application of type II heterostructured semiconductors in the area of environmental remediation and water splitting, summarize major fabrication methods, describe some of the progress and resulting achievements, and discuss the future prospects. The scope of this review covers a variety of type II heterostructures, focusing particularly on TiO2 and ZnO based visible light driven type II 0D and 1D heterostructured photocatalysts. Some other low dimensional nanomaterials which have shown high-performance photocatalysis are also presented. We expect this review to provide a guideline for readers to gain a clear picture of fabrication and application of type II heterostructures.
922 citations
TL;DR: Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-Cu2S composite has now succeeded in shuttling electrons through the RGO sheets and polysulfide-active Cu2S more efficiently than Pt electrode, improving the fill factor by ∼75%.
Abstract: Polysulfide electrolyte that is employed as a redox electrolyte in quantum dot sensitized solar cells provides stability to the cadmium chalcogenide photoanode but introduces significant redox limitations at the counter electrode through undesirable surface reactions. By designing reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-Cu2S composite, we have now succeeded in shuttling electrons through the RGO sheets and polysulfide-active Cu2S more efficiently than Pt electrode, improving the fill factor by ∼75%. The composite material characterized and optimized at different compositions indicates a Cu/RGO mass ratio of 4 provides the best electrochemical performance. A sandwich CdSe quantum dot sensitized solar cell constructed using the optimized RGO-Cu2S composite counter electrode exhibited an unsurpassed power conversion efficiency of 4.4%.
448 citations
TL;DR: This review looks beyond MAPI to other ns2 solar absorbers, with the aim of identifying those materials likely to achieve high efficiencies, and discusses the ideal properties essential to produce highly efficient solar cells.
358 citations
TL;DR: A universal soft colloidal templating strategy for the synthesis of high-quality ultrathin metal sulphide nanocrystals, that is 3.2 nm-thick hexagonal CuS nanosheets, which are used to fabricate an electrode for a lithium-ion battery, which exhibits a large capacity and good cycling stability, even after 360 cycles.
Abstract: Ultrathin metal sulphide nanomaterials exhibit many unique properties, and are thus attractive materials for numerous applications. However, the high-yield, large-scale synthesis of well-defined ultrathin metal sulphide nanostructures by a general and facile wet-chemical method is yet to be realized. Here we report a universal soft colloidal templating strategy for the synthesis of high-quality ultrathin metal sulphide nanocrystals, that is 3.2 nm-thick hexagonal CuS nanosheets, 1.8 nm-diameter hexagonal ZnS nanowires, 1.2 nm-diameter orthorhombic Bi(2)S(3) nanowires and 1.8 nm-diameter orthorhombic Sb(2)S(3) nanowires. As a proof of concept, the ultrathin CuS nanosheets are used to fabricate an electrode for a lithium-ion battery, which exhibits a large capacity and good cycling stability, even after 360 cycles. Furthermore, high-yield, gram-scale production of these ultrathin metal sulphide nanomaterials has been achieved (~100%, without size-sorting process). Our method could be broadly applicable for the high-yield production of novel ultrathin nanostructures with great promise for various applications.
350 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review is presented on the status of synthesizing thin films of metal chalcogenide and metal oxides by CBD and SILAR, and properties and applications of the thin films are also summarized.
307 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the kinetics of growth for chemical deposition of films from alkaline solutions of cadmium salts have been studied with respect to temperature of deposition and the relative concentrations of the various reactants in the solution.
Abstract: The kinetics of growth for chemical deposition of films from alkaline solutions of cadmium salts has been studied with respect to temperature of deposition and the relative concentrations of the various reactants in the solution. It has been established that the growth of the film takes place either by ion‐by‐ion condensation of Cd+2 and S−2 ions or by adsorption of colloidal particles of formed in the solution, depending on the various deposition parameters and the method of preparation. The former process of growth results in thin, hard, adherent and specularly reflecting films, whereas the latter results in thick, powdery and diffusely reflecting films. Occurrence of different polymorphic phases of (hexagonal and cubic) has been observed under different growth conditions. A model for growth mechanism has also been proposed.
381 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the basic concepts underlying the chemical bath deposition technique and recipes developed in our laboratory during the past ten years for the deposition of good-quality thin films of CdS, CdSe, ZnS, PbSe, SnS, Bi2S3, BiSe3, SbS3 Sb2S2, CuS, CuSe, etc.
345 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that porous nanocrystalline films of CdS and CdSe can be used as photoelectrodes in photo-electrochemical cells with relatively low recombination losses.
Abstract: Semiconductor films with small crystal size normally exhibit prohibitively large recombination losses in photovoltaic cells. In this paper, the authors show that porous nanocrystalline films of CdS and CdSe can be used as photoelectrodes in photoelectrochemical cells with relatively low recombination losses. Spectral response measurements show how the recombination losses depend on film thickness. These photoelectrochemical cells operate due to charge separation at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface rather than by a built-in space charge layer as normally occurs in photovoltaic or photoelectrochemical cells. The rapid removal of one charge by the electrolyte explains the low recombination loss.
333 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic approach to Chemical Equilibrium is described, and a brief overview of the tools of analytical chemistry can be found in Section I. Section II. The Tools of Analytical Chemistry: Putting the Tools to Work.
Abstract: 1. Introduction. Section I. The Tools of Analytical Chemistry. 2. Chemicals and Apparatus: Putting the Tools to Work. 3. Important Chemical Concepts: Expressing Quantities and Concentrations. 4. The Basic Approach to Chemical Equilibrium. 5. Errors in Chemical Analysis: Assessing the Quality of Results. 6. Random Errors: How Certain Can We Be? 7. Statistical Analysis: Evaluating the Data. Section II. Principles and Applications of Chemical Equilibria. 8. Gravimetric Methods of Analysis. 9. Electrolyte Effects: Activity or Concentration? 10. How Equilibrium Calculations Can Be Applied to Complex Systems. 11. Titrations: Taking Advantage of Stoichiometric Reactions. 12. Principles of Neutralization Titrations: Determining Acids, Bases, and the pH of Buffer Solutions. 13. Titrating Polyfunctional Acids and Bases. 14. Applying Neutralization Titrations. 15. Complex-Forming Titrations: Taking Advantage of Complexing Agents and Precipitating Agents. Section III. Electrochemical Methods. 16. Elements of Electrochemistry. 17. Using Electrode potentials. 18. Applying Oxidation/Reduction Titrations. 19. Potentiometry: Measuring Concentrations of Ions and Molecules. 20. A Brief Look at Some Other Electroanalytical Methods. Section IV. Spectrochemical Analysis. 21. Spectroscopic methods of Analysis: making Measurements with Light. 22. Instruments for Measuring Absorption: Is It a Photometer, a Spectrophotometer, or a Spectrometer? 23. Applying Molecular and Atomic Spectroscopic methods: Shedding More Light on the Subject. Section V. 24. An Introduction to Analytical Separations. 25. Gas-Liquid and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. 26. Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography, Capillary Electrophoreses, and Capillary Electrochromatography. Section VI. 27. Selected Methods of Analysis. Appendix: Solubility Product Constants at 25 C. Appendix A: Acid Dissociation Constants at 25 C. Appendix B: Formation Constants of Complex Compounds at 25 C. Appendix C: Standard and Formal Electrode Potentials. Appendix D: Use of Exponential Numbers and Logarithms. Appendix E: Volumetric Calculations Using Normality and Equivalent Weight. Appendix F: Acronyms and Abbreviations of Significance in Analytical Chemistry. Appendix G: Answers to Selected Questions and Problems. Glossary. Index.
299 citations
TL;DR: Theory for the design of silicon solar energy converters commonly known as the Bell solar battery is given in this paper.Theoretical relations based on a simple model are compared with experimental data and compared with the theoretical relations.
Abstract: Theory is given for the design of silicon solar energy converters commonly known as the Bell Solar Battery. Values are given for the various parameters in the design theory. Experimental data are presented and compared with the theoretical relations based on a simple model.It is found that with present techniques, units can be made with up to 6 percent efficiency in the conversion of solar radiant energy to electrical energy. An important factor in obtaining such high efficiencies is the reduction of the series resistance of the cell to as low a value as possible.
294 citations