Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes.
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...4Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), α, β-unsaturated electrophilic compounds, is the major type of 4-hydroxyalkenals endproduct, generated by decomposition of arachidonic acid and larger PUFAs, through enzymatic or nonenzymatic processes [49]....
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...MDA production by enzymatic processes is well known but its biological functions and its possible dose-dependent dual role have not been studied although MDA is more chemically stable and membrane-permeable thanROS and less toxic than 4-HNE andmethylglyoxal (MG) [49]....
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...MDA is an end-product generated by decomposition of arachidonic acid and larger PUFAs [49], through enzymatic or nonenzymatic processes (Figure 3)....
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...The predominant n6 fatty acid is arachidonic acid (AA), which can be reduced (i) via enzymatic peroxidation to prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and other cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase or cytochrome P-450 derived products [4]; or (ii) via nonenzymatic peroxidation to MDA, 4-HNE, isoprostanes, and other lipid peroxidation end-products (more stables and toxic than hydroperoxides) through oxygen radical-dependent oxidative routes [49, 71]....
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...When pH decreases MDA exists as beta-hydroxyacrolein and its reactivity increases [49]....
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