Chinese Trade in Latin America Compared to the European Union and the United States: The Case of Technology-Intensive Exports
TL;DR: Using trade data submitted by United Nations member states from 1995 to 2013, this article contributed to understanding China's trade with Latin America by employing and building on the TECH score, which employed and built on the technology score.
Abstract: Using trade data submitted by United Nations member states from 1995 to 2013, this article contributes to understanding China's trade with Latin America. By employing and building on the TECH score...
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century Thomas L. Friedman Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005 Thomas Friedman is a widely-acclaimed journalist, foreign affairs columnist for the New York Times, and author of four best-selling books that include From Beirut to Jerusalem (1989) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century Thomas L. Friedman Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005 Thomas Friedman is a widely-acclaimed journalist, foreign affairs columnist for the New York Times, and author of four best-selling books that include From Beirut to Jerusalem (1989). His eminence as a journalist is clearly demonstrated in the way he prepared for The World is Flat. He traveled throughout the world, interviewing in depth the political and business leaders who have the most direct, hands-on knowledge of the truly incredible developments occurring in the business structures and technology of globalization. Only a journalist who moves freely at the highest levels could interview the likes of Sir John Rose, the chief executive of Rolls-Royce; Nobuyuki Idei, the chairman of Sony; Richard Koo, the chief economist for the Nomura Research Institute; Bill Gates of Microsoft; Wee Theng Tan, the president of Intel China; David Baltimore, president of Caltech; Howard Schultz, founder and chairman of Starbucks; Nandan Nilekani, CEO of Infosys in Bangalore - and many others, each of whom gave him the inside story of how, specifically, the barriers of time and space separating economies, workforces, sources of capital, and technical abilities are crumbling. The result of this unfolding story, already far along but with much farther to go, according to Friedman, is that "the world is flat." With some notable exceptions in sub-Saharan Africa and the Islamic swathe, everything is connected with everything else on a horizontal basis, with distance and erstwhile time-lags no longer mattering. Friedman describes in detail the galloping globalization that has unfolded in even so limited a time as the past five years. Under the impetus of a worldwide network of interconnectivity, the world economy is much-changed from what it was at the turn of the century a mere half-decade ago. Friedman quotes the CEO of India's Infosys: "What happened over the last [few] years is that there was a massive investment in technology, especially in the bubble era, when hundreds of millions of dollars were invested in putting broadband connectivity around the world, undersea cables," while (Friedman paraphrases him) "computers became cheaper and dispersed all over the world, and there was an explosion of software - e-mail, search engines like Google, and proprietary software that can chop up any piece of work and send one part to Boston, one part to Bangalore, and one part to Beijing...." Microprocessors today have 410 million transistors compared to the 2800 they had in 1971. And now, "wireless is what will allow you to take everything that has been digitized, made virtual and personal, and do it from anywhere." The effect on productivity is revolutionary: "It now takes Boeing eleven days to build a 737, down from twenty-eight days just a few years ago. Boeing will build the next generation of planes in three days, because all the parts are computer-designed for assembly." The most strikingly informative aspect of this book, however, is not about technology. Most especially, Friedman explores the rapidly evolving global business systems, each constantly regenerating itself to keep ahead of the others. These are systems that span the continents seeking the lowest-cost providers of everything from expert scientific and engineering work to the lowliest grunt work. Friedman points out that India produces 70,000 accounting graduates each year - and that they are willing to start at $100 a month. It is no wonder that Boeing employs 800 Russian scientists and engineers for passenger-plane design when "a U.S. aeronautical engineer costs $120 per design hour, a Russian costs about one-third of that." Friedman describes a call center in India where outbound callers sell "everything from credit cards to phone minutes," while operators taking inbound calls do "everything from tracing lost luggage for U.S. and European airline passengers to solving computer problems for confused American consumers. …
1,639 citations
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the strategic coupling of the global production networks of transnational corporations and regional economies which ultimately drives regional development through the processes of value creation, enhancement and capture.
Abstract: Recent literature concerning regional development has placed significant emphasis on local institutional structures and their capacity to ‘hold down’ the global. Conversely, work on inter-firm networks – such as the global commodity chain approach – has highlighted the significance of the organizational structures of global firms’ production systems and their relation to industrial upgrading. In this paper, drawing upon a global production networks perspective, we conceptualize the connections between ‘globalizing’ processes, as embodied in the production networks of transnational corporations, and regional development in specific territorial formations. We delimit the ‘strategic coupling’ of the global production networks of firms and regional economies which ultimately drives regional development through the processes of value creation, enhancement and capture. In doing so, we stress the multi-scalarity of the forces and processes underlying regional development, and thus do not privilege one particular geographical scale. By way of illustration, we introduce an example drawn from recent research into global production networks in East Asia and Europe. The example profiles the investments of car manufacturer BMW in Eastern Bavaria, Germany and Rayong, Thailand, and considers their implications for regional development.
1,028 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a brief historical geography of Latin America-China cooperation in outer space research, development, and policy is presented, drawing on archival research, legal documents, and interviews.
Abstract: abstract:Scholarship on Latin America-China relations has focused predominantly on trade agreements, commodity exports, investment, migration, and, to a lesser extent, geopolitical implications for the post-Cold War world order. Entirely absent from research on Latin America-China relations is the question of outer space cooperation, despite the centrality of outer space-based technologies to the very sectors and relations that have proven so generative for Latin America-China scholarship and policy engagement since the turn of the millennium. Bilateral outer space cooperation between China and Latin American countries dates back to 1984, while multilateral engagements by all parties shaped the dawn of the space age in the 1960s. As such, this collaboration is an important antecedent to what is generally considered the \"new\" or \"contemporary\" geography of Latin America-China relations. Drawing on archival research, legal documents, and interviews, this article presents a brief historical geography of Latin America-China cooperation in outer space research, development, and policy.resumen:Estudos sobre as relações entre a China e a América Latina se concentraram principalmente em temas como acordos comerciais, exportação de commodities, investimentos, migração e implicações geopolíticas para a ordem mundial pós-Guerra Fria. A questão da cooperação espacial ficou completamente ausente nas pesquisas sobre as relações sino-latino-americanas, apesar da centralidade das tecnologias do espaço para esses setores e suas configurações que estimularam pesquisas acadêmicas e envolvimento político desde a virada do milênio. A cooperação bilateral na área do espaço exterior entre a China e os países latinoamericanos começou em 1984, enquanto as relações multilaterais entre esses países já havia definido o início da era espacial na década de 1960. Assim, essa colaboração é um antecedente importante para aquilo que se geralmente considera como geografia \"nova\" ou \"contemporânea\" das relações sino-latino-americanas. Com base em pesquisas de acervo, documentos legais e entrevistas, este artigo apresenta uma breve geografia histórica da cooperação entre China e a América Latina na pesquisa, desenvolvimento e política do espaço exterior.
22 citations
19 citations
Cites background from "Chinese Trade in Latin America Comp..."
...Much of the literature focuses on the impact of Latin America’s expanded commodity trade with China, or of China’s investments in the region (e.g. Wise & Quiliconi, 2007; Jenkins, Peters, & Moreira, 2008; Gallagher & Porzecanski, 2010; Jilberto, Fernandez, & Hogenboom, 2010; Narins, 2017; Ray, 2017)....
[...]
...…of the literature focuses on the impact of Latin America’s expanded commodity trade with China, or of China’s investments in the region (e.g. Wise & Quiliconi, 2007; Jenkins, Peters, & Moreira, 2008; Gallagher & Porzecanski, 2010; Jilberto, Fernandez, & Hogenboom, 2010; Narins, 2017; Ray, 2017)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided a conceptual framework for assessing the impact of new information technology (IT)-based systems, public policies and BI on the efficiency of export competitiveness, which is based on structural equation modeling.
Abstract:
Purpose
By using some tools such as business intelligence (BI) and exploring data stored in data warehousing systems, it is possible to increase export competition efficiency. Efficiency in the export competition is affected by several factors. Therefore, this paper has attempted to provide a new conceptual framework for assessing the impact of new information technology (IT)-based systems, public policies and BI on the efficiency of export competitiveness.
Design/methodology/approach
Increasing exports and its high efficiency depend on each country’s IT. So, IT is the main tool to increase the production process, improve quality and reduce products’ cost. In addition, each country develops policies for business activities and commerce to increase productivity in export competition. Clarifying public policies and strategies critical to the development of export competition is important in this field. Therefore, this paper has tried to provide a new conceptual framework for examining the impact of new IT-based systems, public policies and BI on the effectiveness of export competition. The research method of this study is based on structural equation modeling. This method has been used to evaluate the causal model, assess the reliability and check the measurement model’s validity. Model and data were analyzed using SPSS 22 and SmartPLS software.
Findings
The results showed that the impact of new IT-based systems, public policies and BI on export competitiveness efficiency has been positive.
Research limitations/implications
To generalize this study’s results and have a more accurate external validity, it is necessary to conduct this research program over a more extended time and space. Also, larger and more comprehensive samples should be taken for further validation. The authors also suggest that other factors can be considered.
Practical implications
The framework is conceptually innovative in modeling the efficiency of export competitiveness and assessing implications. Export competitiveness is a crucial factor in long-term global farm business survival, as it fosters opportunities for business prosperity on global markets.
Originality/value
The research offers important hints for emerging markets to find their ways to maintain a sustainable competitive advantage in the export market by controlling the country-level factors. This research will be helpful to both policymakers and global managers.
12 citations
References
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Book•
27 Jul 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to improve the quality of the data collected by the data collection system by using the information gathered from the data set of the user's profile.
Abstract: Книга «Пространственная экономика – города, регионы и международная торговля» рассматривает экономику с точки зрения экономической географии – через определение, где и почему развился тот или иной вид экономической деятельности. Это новая глава в развитии экономической географии. Авторами предлагаются новые методы для моделирования, получившие начало в теориях экономического роста, международной торговли и промышленной организации. Более того, через многофакторный анализ «эффект повышения отдачи - транспортные издержки - движение продуктивных факторов» открываются возможности для новой экономической географии при решении проблем в городской, региональной и международной экономике.
5,371 citations
Book•
05 Apr 2005
TL;DR: Friedman and Friedman went to the same high school and used the Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention as inspiration for his column "The GoldenArches theory of conflict prevention" as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: People always wonder, where does a talent like this come from? They ask, where does he come up with the inspiration for his columns and the titles for his books? Well, it just so happens that, in this case, I know I have insider information Tom Friedman and I went to the same high school, St Louis Park Senior High School, St Louis Park, Minnesota I know, for example, that there was a McDonald's directly across the street from our high school This first franchise McDonald's in America was the inspiration for his widely acclaimed column, "The Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention"
3,763 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The authors construct an index of the "income level of a country's exports," document its properties, and show that it predicts subsequent economic growth, and demonstrate this proposition formally and adduce some empirical support.
Abstract: When local cost discovery generates knowledge spillovers, specialization patterns become partly indeterminate and the mix of goods that a country produces may have important implications for economic growth. We demonstrate this proposition formally and adduce some empirical support for it. We construct an index of the "income level of a country's exports," document its properties, and show that it predicts subsequent economic growth.
1,660 citations
"Chinese Trade in Latin America Comp..." refers background in this paper
...Using models developed and refined by Hausmann, Hwang, and Rodrik (2007); Xu (2007); Schott (2008); and Kemeny (2011), this work examines the relative technology content of Chinese exports entering nine distinct Latin American economies from 1995 to 2013....
[...]
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century Thomas L. Friedman Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005 Thomas Friedman is a widely-acclaimed journalist, foreign affairs columnist for the New York Times, and author of four best-selling books that include From Beirut to Jerusalem (1989) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century Thomas L. Friedman Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005 Thomas Friedman is a widely-acclaimed journalist, foreign affairs columnist for the New York Times, and author of four best-selling books that include From Beirut to Jerusalem (1989). His eminence as a journalist is clearly demonstrated in the way he prepared for The World is Flat. He traveled throughout the world, interviewing in depth the political and business leaders who have the most direct, hands-on knowledge of the truly incredible developments occurring in the business structures and technology of globalization. Only a journalist who moves freely at the highest levels could interview the likes of Sir John Rose, the chief executive of Rolls-Royce; Nobuyuki Idei, the chairman of Sony; Richard Koo, the chief economist for the Nomura Research Institute; Bill Gates of Microsoft; Wee Theng Tan, the president of Intel China; David Baltimore, president of Caltech; Howard Schultz, founder and chairman of Starbucks; Nandan Nilekani, CEO of Infosys in Bangalore - and many others, each of whom gave him the inside story of how, specifically, the barriers of time and space separating economies, workforces, sources of capital, and technical abilities are crumbling. The result of this unfolding story, already far along but with much farther to go, according to Friedman, is that "the world is flat." With some notable exceptions in sub-Saharan Africa and the Islamic swathe, everything is connected with everything else on a horizontal basis, with distance and erstwhile time-lags no longer mattering. Friedman describes in detail the galloping globalization that has unfolded in even so limited a time as the past five years. Under the impetus of a worldwide network of interconnectivity, the world economy is much-changed from what it was at the turn of the century a mere half-decade ago. Friedman quotes the CEO of India's Infosys: "What happened over the last [few] years is that there was a massive investment in technology, especially in the bubble era, when hundreds of millions of dollars were invested in putting broadband connectivity around the world, undersea cables," while (Friedman paraphrases him) "computers became cheaper and dispersed all over the world, and there was an explosion of software - e-mail, search engines like Google, and proprietary software that can chop up any piece of work and send one part to Boston, one part to Bangalore, and one part to Beijing...." Microprocessors today have 410 million transistors compared to the 2800 they had in 1971. And now, "wireless is what will allow you to take everything that has been digitized, made virtual and personal, and do it from anywhere." The effect on productivity is revolutionary: "It now takes Boeing eleven days to build a 737, down from twenty-eight days just a few years ago. Boeing will build the next generation of planes in three days, because all the parts are computer-designed for assembly." The most strikingly informative aspect of this book, however, is not about technology. Most especially, Friedman explores the rapidly evolving global business systems, each constantly regenerating itself to keep ahead of the others. These are systems that span the continents seeking the lowest-cost providers of everything from expert scientific and engineering work to the lowliest grunt work. Friedman points out that India produces 70,000 accounting graduates each year - and that they are willing to start at $100 a month. It is no wonder that Boeing employs 800 Russian scientists and engineers for passenger-plane design when "a U.S. aeronautical engineer costs $120 per design hour, a Russian costs about one-third of that." Friedman describes a call center in India where outbound callers sell "everything from credit cards to phone minutes," while operators taking inbound calls do "everything from tracing lost luggage for U.S. and European airline passengers to solving computer problems for confused American consumers. …
1,639 citations
TL;DR: The authors construct an index of the "income level of a country's exports," document its properties, and show that it predicts subsequent economic growth, and demonstrate this propo- sition formally and adduce some empirical support for it.
Abstract: When local cost discovery generates knowledge spillovers, specialization patterns become partly indeterminate and the mix of goods that a country produces may have important implications for economic growth. We demonstrate this propo- sition formally and adduce some empirical support for it. We construct an index of the "income level of a country's exports," document its properties, and show that it predicts subsequent economic growth.
1,436 citations